rq;fk; tsHj;j jkpo;! (1)

ahkwpe;j nkhopfspNy jkpo;nkhop Nghy;.........!

ef;fPud;

"ahkwpe;j nkhopfspNy jkpo;nkhop Nghy;

njhOJ gbj;jplb ghg;gh"

"thdkse;j jidj;Jk; mse;jpLk;

tz;nkhop thopaNt!"

,t;thW jkpo; nkhopapd; tz;ikiaAk; jz;ikiaAk; ghujpahH kpfTk; rpyhfpj;Jg; ghbapUf;fpwhH. NkYk;

"ahkwpe;j GytupNy fk;gidg; Nghy;ts;StH Nghy; ,sq;Nfh itg; Nghy;

G+kpjdpy; ahq;fZNk gpwe;jjpy;iy"

vd;W kfhftp ghujpahH ngUkpjj;NjhL ghbapUf;fpwhH.

kfhftp Rg;gpukzpa ghujpahUf;F gy nkhopfspy; Gyik ,Ue;jJ. mtuJ jha; nkhopahd jkpioj; jkpo; gz;bjHfsplk; fw;whH. fhrp rHtfyhrhiyapy; (1898-1902) ,e;jpAk; tlnkhopAk; fw;whH>  GJitapy; jiykiwT tho;f;if tho;e;jjhy; gpud;Rnkhop mtUf;F ed;F njupe;jpUe;jJ. Mq;fpy nkhopapYk; mtUf;Fg; Gyik ,Ue;jJ.

vdNt jkpo;nkhopia Vida nkhopfNshL xg;gPL nra;J "ahk; mwpe;j nkhopfspNy jkpo;nkhopNghy; ,dpjhtJ vq;Fk; fhNzhk;" vd;W jPHg;G toq;fpdhH. "nrhy;ypy; caHT jkpo;r; nrhy;Ny" vd;Wk;  "thdkse;j jidj;Jk; mse;jpLk; tz;nkhop thopaNt!" mWjpapl;Lf; $wpdhH.

cz;ikapy; ghujpahH gpwg;ghy; gpuhkzH. Md fhuzj;jhy; "Njtghi\" vd;W miof;fg;gl;l tlnkhopia mtH caHj;jpr; nrhy;ypapUf;fyhk;. ,d;W$l Ehw;Wf;F njhz;ZhW tpOf;fhl;Lj; jkpo; ehl;Lg; gpuhkzH tlnkhopiaj; jq;fs; "je;ij nkhop" vdf; $wpf; nfhs;fpwhHfs;. jpUf;Nfhapy;fspy; jkpo; nkhopapy; mHr;rid nra;ag;gLtjw;F vjpuhf mHr;rfHfNs NghHf; nfhb Jhf;FfpwhHfs;. Mdhy; ftpr; rf;futHj;jp ghujpahH jkpioNa ,dpikahd nkhop> caHthd nkhop> nrOikahd nkhop vd neQ;rhug; Nghw;wpapUf;fpwhH.

ghujpahH ,e;j kz;zyfj;jpy; 39 (1882-1921)  mfitNa tho;e;J kiwe;jtH. mtH tho;e;j fhyk; FWfpaJ vd;whYk; ghujpahNu cr;rp kPJ itj;Jg; ghuhl;ba fy;tpapy; ngupa fk;gd;> neQ;ir ms;Sk; rpyk;G gilj;j ,sq;Nfh> thDaH ts;StH ,tHfNshL mupahrdj;jpy; rupahrdk;; ,Uf;ff; $batH.  jkpo; nkhopf;Fk;> jkpopdj;Jf;Fk; xU Gjpa ePHikiaAk;> rPHikiaAk; Vw;gLj;jpatH. jkpo;f; ftpij tuyhw;wpy; xU Gjpa vOr;rpiaAk; nkhopg; Gul;rpiaAk; nra;jtH. jdJ ghl;Lj; jpwj;jhNy itaj;ijg; ghypf;fr; nra;jNjhL jkpo; Njrpaj;Jf;F yhyp ghbatH. mtuJ nrhy;yhl;rpAk; nghUs; eaKk; vk;ikj; jpiff;f itf;fpwJ.

khjtspd; Nkdp tFj;jhd; gpukndd;Ngd;"

NtW nkhopapy; cyff; ftpQd; ahuhtJ ngz;zpd; Nkdp eyj;jpidAk;> ntl;bidAk;> fl;bidAk; ,t;thW tHzpj;jpUg;ghHfs; vd;gJ IaNk!

"fhzp epyk; Ntz;Lk; - guhrf;jp

    nfhz;Lju NtZk; ........"

jkpofk; iftpl;l epiyapy; tho;ehnsy;yhk; gl;bdpNahL Nghupl;l xU ftpQdpd; Mir vg;gbnay;yhk; rpwfbj;Jg; gwf;fpwJ? jdJ ,Wjp ahj;jpiuia gj;Jg; gd;dpuz;L NgNuhL elhj;jpa ghujpah ,g;gbg; ghbdhH? mjid ek;g Kbfpwjh?   

,Ue;Jk; xU Fiw. ghujpahUf;Fk; jkpod;idf;Fk; ,Ue;j cwT ew;wt thdpYk; rpwe;j jha;f;Fk; gps;isf;Fk; cs;s cwT. jhiag; Nghw;whj gps;is juzpapy; cz;lh?

jkpoh? tlnkhopah? vJ caHe;jJ vd;w fUj;J Nkhjy; fhyk; fhykhf ele;J tUfpwJ.

jkpo; topghl;bw;Fk;> jkpoH tPl;Lj; jpUkzj;jpw;Fk; jfhj nkhop vd;W js;sg;gl;lJ. js;sg;gl;L tUfpwJ.

jkpofj;jpd; jpUf;Nfhapy;fspy; NjthuKk; jpUg;ghitAk; jpUntk;ghitAk; jpUthrfKk; XJtij tpLj;J tlnkhopapy; kl;LNk topghL elhj;jp jkpio jkpod; fl;ba jkpo;ehl;Lf; Nfhapy;fspy; ,Ue;J tpul;batH ahH?

rka FutHfshd mg;gUk; Re;juUk; MSilg;gps;isahUk; ghba ghly;fspd; vz;zpf;if 96>000 Njthug; ghly;fs; MFk;. mjpy; mg;gubfs; ghba ghly;fs; 49>000 vd;gH. ,e;jg; ghly;fs; mlq;fpa Xiyr; Rtbfs; jpy;iytho; me;jzHfspd; jkpo; vjpHg;G czHthy; jpupGuk; vupj;j tpuprilf; flTs; Fbnfhz;bUf;Fk; jpy;iyak;gyj;jpy; nry;yupj;Jg; Nghapd.    

Nrhog; Nguurd; ,uhruhrd; ( fp.gp. 985-1014) kPl;nlLj;j gjpfq;fs; ntWk; 796 (mg;gubfs; 313 gjpfq;fs;) kl;LNk. "muNr ftyw;f! ,f;fhyj;jpw;F Ntz;badtw;iw kl;LNk itj;Jf; nfhz;L Ntz;lhjtw;iw ahNk nry;yupf;f tpl;Ltpl;Nlhk;" vd ,uhruhrDf;F ,iwtdpd; thDiu (mruPup) Nfl;ljhk;! vdNt mtd; jpy;iytho; me;jzHfis kd;dpj;J tpl;lhdhk;!

"jpUkfs;Nghyg; ngUepyr; nry;tpAk;

cilahH =uh[uh[ NjtHf;F ahz;L."

gil gy elhj;jp fsk;gy fz;L ntw;wpthif #b mjid nka;fPHj;jpahf vOjpitj;j ,uhruhr NrhoNd Kg;Gup EhNyhupd; #o;r;rpf;Fg; gypahfp tpl;lhd; vd;gij epidf;f neQ;rk; fdf;fpwJ.

"Nfhld;" vd;Dk; Fatd; jkpiog; gopj;J Mupa nkhopiag; Nghw;wpg; Gfo;e;jijf; fz;L ef;fPuH rpdq;nfhz;lhH. mjdhy; ",oT tUf" vd mtid mtH rgpj;jhH. me;jf; Fatd; clNd nrj;J tPo;e;jhd;. ef;fPuH ghbajhfr; nrhy;yg;gLk; me;jg; ghly; ,J.  

"Mupak; ed;W jkpo; jP njdTiuj;j

nre;jkpNo jPHf;f rpth"

gpd;dH rpdk; Mwpa ef;fPuH mtDf;F kPz;Lk; capH je;jhH. ,jd; thapyhf tlnkhopia tpl xUtid thoTk; rhfTk; nra;aty;y  nja;t Mw;wy; jkpOf;F cz;nld;gij ef;fPuH nka;g;gpj;jhH. jkpo;nkhopiag; Nghw;wpf; fw;FkhW mtid khw;wpdhH.  jkpiog; gopj;j ,d;ndhU Mupaturd; jkpofj;jpd; kPJ gilnaLj;J te;j gpufj;jdhthd;. ,tDf;Fj; jkpopd; caHitAk; rpwg;igAk; vLj;Jr; nrhy;y rq;fg; GytH fgpyH gj;Jg; ghl;Lf;fspy; xd;whd FwpQ;rpg;ghl;ilg; ghbdhH vd;gJ fij. (tsUk;)  

rq;fk; tsHj;j jkpo;! (2)

"vz;zpilg; glf; fple;jjh vz;zTk; gLNkh?"

Faf;Nfhld; jkpiog; gopj;J Mupa nkhopiag; Nghw;wpg; Gfo;e;jijf; fz;L ef;fPuH rpdk; nfhz;L mtdJ capiu ePf;fk; nra;jijAk; gpd;dH kPz;Lk; ghb capHj;njor; nra;jijAk; ghHj;Njhk;. mtid capHnjor; nra;j ghly; gpd;tUkhW. ,e;jg; ghly;fs; jdpg;ghly; jpul;by; cs;sd.

"Kuzpy; nghjpapy; Kjw;Gj;Njs; thop

Mde;jQ; NrHf;fRth fh"

jpUtpisahlw; Guhzj;ij vOjpatH guQ;Nrhjp KdptH. mtH  ,yf;fz tuk;gpyhj Vida rpy nkhopfs; Nghyy;yhJ jkpo;nkhop ,yf;fzr; rpwg;Gila nkhop  vdg; Nghw;wpatH.

"fz;Z jw;ngUq; flTSq; fofNkh lkHe;J

vz;zp ilg;glf; fple;jjh vz;zTk; gLNkh"        (jpUtpisahlw; Guhzk;)

jpupGuk; vupj;j tpuprilf; flTSk; KUff; flTSk; cl;gl 549 GytHfs; Kjw; rq;fj;jpy; cldpUe;J jkpohuha;e;jdH vd;w nra;jpia Kjd; Kjyhf ,iwadhH fstpaYiu vOjpa mbahHf;F ey;yhH vd;w ciuahrpupaNu njuptpf;fpd;whH. ,tuJ fhyk; fp.gp. 11 my;yJ 12k; Ehw;whz;lhFk;. rpyH mtuJ fhyj;ij 16k; Ehw;whz;L vd;Wk; $WfpwhHfs;. mbahHf;F ey;yhH fUj;jpd; mbg;gilapNyNa guQ;Nrhjp KdptH "fz;Zjw; ngUq; flTSk; fofNkhL mkHe;J"vdg; ghbapUf;fpwhH.

jpUf;Fwspd; rpwg;Gg;gw;wp gy GytHfs; ghbapUf;fpwhHfs;. ntt;NtW fhyj;Jg; GytHfs; ghba ,g; ghly;fisf; khiyahff; NfhHj;J jpUts;St khiy vd;w jiyg;gpy; ntspapl;Ls;shHfs;. ,e;jg; ghly;fs; rpytw;wpy; jpUf;Fwis Mupa Ntjk; ehd;fpNdhL xg;gpl;Lk;> jkpo;nkhopia tlnkhopNahL xg;gpl;Lk; GytHfs; ghbAs;shHfs;. cf;fpug;ngUtOjpahH vd;w GytH ghba ghly; ,J.

"ehd;kiwapd; nka;g;nghUis Kg;nghUsh ehd;Kfj;Njhd;

rpe;jpf;f> Nfl;f nrtp."                     (jpUts;StH khiy 4)

ehd;Kfd; jd; cUit kiwj;J jpUts;Stuhfj; Njhd;wp ehd;F Ntjq;fspd; cz;ikg; nghUis mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk; vd;Dk; Kg;ghw; nghUshfj; jkpopy; je;J $wpa jpUf;Fwshfpa jpUKiwia vd; jiy tzq;Ff> tha; Nghw;Wf> ey;y kdk; jpahdpf;f. nrtp Nfl;f vd;gJ ,jd; nghUs;..

Myq;Fb tq;fdhH vd;w GytH jkpo; tsk; epiwe;j nkhop vd kpfTk; kfpo;e;J ghbapUf;fpwhH.

"ts;StH ghl;bd; tsKiuf;fpd; tha;kLf;Fk;

tz;lkpopd; Kg;ghy; kfpo;e;J."       (jpUts;StH khiy 53)

jpUts;StuJ ghl;bdJ jPQ;Ritiar; nrhy;Ykplj;J> cz;zg;gLfpd;w njs;spa mKjpdJ jpj;jpg;ghfpa RitAk; xg;ghfhJ. mj;njs;spa mKij cz;L mjd; Ritia mwpgtH NjtHfs;. tsk; nghUe;jpa jkpopd; fz;zjhfpa Kg;ghyhfpa  rpwe;j ghiy vt;Tyfj;jhUk; kfpo;e;J cz;L jPQ;Rit mwpthH.

ej;jj;jdhH vd;w GytH "ghapuk; ehd;F mjpfhuq;fisAk; NrHj;J nkhj;jk; mupa Mapuj;J Ke;Ehw;W Kg;gJ Fws; ntz;ghf;fisAk; XjpAzHe;j gpd;G> xUtd; Ngha; xUtuJ thahNy Nfl;lwpjw;F EhYsNth? (,y;iy) epiyngw;w jkpopNy Gyik epuk;gpNahuhfpg; gpwH jk;kplj;J te;J Nfl;f tPw;wpUf;fyhk;" vd;W nkhopfpwhH.

NkYk; nts;sp tPjpahH vd;w GytH "xUtuhNy nra;ag;glhj nkhopahfpa Ntjj;Jf;Fk; jpUts;Stuhy; mUsg;gl;ljd; topapd; xOFNthHf;Fg; gad; tpistpNy ngha;glhj mt;Ntjk; XJjw;FupatH me;jzNu. ngha;glhj ,j; jpUf;Fws; XJjw;F cupatH my;yhjhH cyfj;jpy; ,y;iy" vd;fpwhH.

Mupa Ntjk; nra;ah nkhop. Ntjk; nrhy;ystpy;> Nfs;tp khj;jpiuNa epd;W tpl;lJ. Vl;by; vOjpdhy; mjd; Mw;wy; FiwAnkd;W vOjhJ tpl;ldH. NkYk; mjid me;jzH kl;LNk Xjyhk;. Vida #j;jpuH (jkpoH) mjidg; gbf;ff; $lhJ. fhjhy; Nfl;fTk;  mlhJ. Mdhy; ngha;ah nkhopahfpa jkpo; kiwNah gpwg;G Ntw;Wikapd;wp  vy;NyhUk; gbj;Jg; gad;ngWkhW VLfspy; vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ. vdNt tlnkhopiatpl jkpNo rpwg;GilaJ vd;W  nts;sp tPjpahH jPHg;gspf;fpwhH!  

NguhrpupaH kNdhd;kzPak; Re;judhH  kfhftp ghujpahH Nghy jkpo;j; Njrpaj;Jf;F fhy;Nfhs; ,l;ltH. nkhopQhapW NjtNeag; ghthzhH mtiu "jkpod; gs;sp vOr;rpg; ghlfH" vd tpopg;ghH.

Re;judhH Vida GytHfistpl gygb NkNy nrd;W tlnkhop tof;fpoe;jnkhop jkpo;nkhop vd;Wk; ,sik Fd;whj caHjdpr; nrk;nkhop vd;fpwhH. kNdhd;kzPak; vd;w ehlf EhYf;F vOjpa  jkpo;j; nja;t tzf;fg; ghlypy; "Mupak; Nghy; cyf tof;F mope;njhope;J rpijahTd; rPupoikj; jpwk; tpae;J nrad;kwe;J tho;j;JJNk" vd;W jkpo;j; jhiag; Nghw;wpg; ghbapUf;fpwhH.  NkYk;

"ts;StHnra; jpUf;Fwis kWtwed; Fze;NjhHfs;

 cs;StNuh kDthjp nahUFyj;Jf; nfhUePjp"

vd;W jkpoHfs; fz;%bj;jdkhfg; Nghw;Wk; kDePjpiar; rhb jpUf;Fwis Fw;wkwf; fw;gtHfs; xU Fyj;Jf;F xU ePjp NgRk; kDePjpia epidf;fkhl;lhHfs; vd;W mWjpapl;Lf; $WfpwhH.  

Nkw;$wpait ahTk; xUGwk; Mupa Ntjkhd ehy;Ntjj;jpw;Fk; - jkpo; kiwahd jpUf;FwSf;Fk;> ,d;ndhUGwk; tlnkhopf;Fk; - nre;jkpOf;Fk; fhyk; fhykhf xU gdpg; NghH my;yJ gpufldg;gLj;jg; glhj Aj;jk; ,lk;ngw;W te;jpUg;gijr; vLj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ.  

tlnkhopNahL rkurk; nra;J nfhz;l GytHfSk; ,Ue;jpUf;fpwhHfs;. tz;zf;fQ; rhj;jdhH vd;w GytH-

MupaKk;  nre;jkpOk;  Muha;e;(J) - Mupak;

XJ Fwl;gh cilj;J"               (jpUts;St khiy 43)

tlnkhop NtjKilj;J> jkpo; nkhop jpUts;St ehadhH nrhy;ypa  Fwl;ghTilj;J. Mjyhy; tlnkhopiaAk; njd;nkhopiaAk; Muha;e;J ,ijf; fhl;bYk; ,J rpwg;GilaJ vd;W xd;iwj; njupe;J nrhy;Yjy; $lhJ vd;fpwhH.

tz;zf;fQ; rhj;jdhH $lg; gUthapy;iy. tlnkhop- njd;nkhop ,uz;Lk; xd;whf itj;J xg;gplf;$baJ vd;whH. tlnkhopia caHj;jp> jkpioj; jho;j;jpg; ghba gpw;fhy ,yf;fz MrpupaH xUtH ,Ue;jpUf;fpwhH. mtuplk; msg;gupa jkpo;g; Gyik ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy; jkpo;g; gw;W ,Uf;ftpy;iy. mtH ngaH <rhd NjrpfH. ney;iy <rhd klj;Jj; jiytuhf ,Ue;jikahy; mg;ngaH ngw;whH vd;gH. mtUf;F mtuJ ngw;NwhH ,l;l ngaH rhkpehj NjrpfH vd;gjhFk;.

,yf;fz tpsf;f Ehyhrpupauhfpa itj;jpaehj Njrpfuhy; "njhy;fhg;gpa Kjypa Ehy;fis vOj;jnjz;zpg; gbj;j Rthkpehj %Hj;jp" vd;W ghuhl;lg;ngw;wtH. ",yf;fzf; nfhj;J" vd;Dk; Ehiy tlnkhop ,yf;fzk; jOtp vOjpatH.

,tH "tlEhiy tpl;Lj; jdpNa jkpo;Ehy; elthjJ epakNk" vd;fpwhH. vg;gb?

"jkpo;Ehw;F mstpiy mtw;Ws;

Mifahy; ahDk; mJNt mwpf"

jpUf;Fws; jkpopy; vOjg;gl;l Kjy; Ehy;. mjpy; fhzg;gLk; 133 mjpfhuq;fspYk;Ehw;Wf;Fr; rw;W mjpfkhd tlnkhop nrhw;fNs fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mjhtJ xU mjpfhuj;Jf;F xU tlnrhy;. vdNt jpUf;Fws; jdpj; jkpo; Ehy;jhd;.

njhy;fhg;gpaH jkpo; vOj;Jf;fs; nkhj;jk; 33 vd;W RkhH 2>500 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dNu $wpg;Nghe;jhH. ,jidj; njhy;fhg;gpak; vOj;jjpfhuk; Ehy;kugpy; njspthfr; nrhy;ypapUf;fpwhH.

Kjy; vOj;Jf;fs;

vOj;njdg; gLt

rhHe;J tuy; kugpd; %d;W myq;filNa

jkpo; vOj;Jf;fs; "m" Kjy; "d" ,Wjpahf Kg;gJ vdf; $WtH. rhHG vOj;Jf;fs; %d;Wk; my;yhky;.

rhH;G vOj;Jf;fs;

mit jhk;

Kg;ghy; Gs;spAk; vOj;J XH md;d.

rhHG vOj;Jf;fs; FWfpa Xiria cila ,fuk;> FWfpa Xiria cila cfuk;> Ma;jk; vd;w %d;W Gs;spfis cilait. ,it vOj;ij xj;J miktd.  

vOj;njz;zp njhy;fhg;gpaj;ijf; fw;w rhkpehj NjrpfH jkpopy; Ie;njOj;J kl;Lk; cz;L vd;W vg;gbf; fz;Lgpbj;jhH? (tsUk;)  

rq;fk; tsHj;j jkpo;! (3)

"Qhdr; RlHtpsf; Nfw;wpNdd; ehuzw;F Qhdj; jkpo; Gupe;j ehd;!"

tlnkhopapy; ,y;yhky; jkpopy; kl;LNk ,Uf;Fk; vOj;Jfs; "w d o v x" vd;gd. ,e;j Ie;J vOj;Jf;fs; kl;Lk; jkpo; vOj;Jf;fs; vd;fpwhH rhkpehj NjrpfH. kw;wit vy;yhk; jkpo; vOj;Jf;fs; ,y;iy vd;gJ mtuJ thjk;. jkpo; nkhopapy; Ie;njOj;J kl;LNk ,Ug;gjhy; mtH ehZfpwhuhk;.

,g;gb tapw;iwj; jkpo; kz;Zf;F itj;J cs;sj;ij tlnkhopf;F itj;j rhkpehj NjrpfH Nghd;w jkpo;g; giftHfs; Nghy; NtW rpyUk; ,Ue;jpUf;fpwhHfs;.

thDaH ts;Stupd; jpUf;FwSf;F gjpd;kH ciu nra;jpUf;fpwhHfs;. gupjpahH mjpnyhUtH. ,tuJ fhyk; 13 my;yJ 14 Ehw;whz;lhFk;. jkpo;kiw vd;W Nghw;wg;gLk; jpUf;FwSf;F ciunaOjpa gupjpahH rhkpehj Njrpfiu kpQ;Rk; tz;zk; jkpo;nkhopiag; gopj;Jk; ,opj;Jk; vOjpapUf;fpwhH.

"jkpo; ig]hr ghi\. rk];fpUjk; Njtghi\. jkpo; mgptpUj;jp mile;jJk; mJ ,e;ehs;tiu [Ptpj;J tUtJk; tlnkhopahy;jhd;. Ntjhe;j rpj;jhe;j rh];jpu G+[h tpjpfisAk; ];Njhj;uh G+[h tpjpfisAk; jtNahf ]hjdq;fisAk; ehlf ehl;ba fyh Qhdq;fisAk; jkpoH rk];fpUj;jplkpUe;Nj M];uapj;Jf; nfhz;ldH. mjdhy; rk;];fpUjg; gjq;fis yptpfisj; jkpopy; ntFthf ]k;gj;jg;gLj;jp jkpiog; Ngh\pf;f Ntz;Lk;."

jkpopy; cs;s Ntjhe;j rpj;jhe;j Ehy;fs;> ehlf ehl;baf; fiyfs; tlnkhopapypUe;J fld;ngw;wit vd;W nrhy;tNjhL epw;fhky; tlnkhopr; nrhw;fis jkpopy; $basT fye;J jkpiof; fhg;ghw;w Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhH gupjpahH. ,g;gbj; jkpopy; "rk;];fpUjg; gjq;fis ntFthfr; ]k;ge;jg;gLj;jp jkpiog; Ngh\pf;f Ntz;Lk;" vd;gij nraypYk; fhl;LkhW jkpio kzpg;gpuths eilapy; vOjp "Ngh\pf;fTk;"  nra;fpwhH!

jkpo; cl;gl jpuhtpl nkhopf; FLk;gj;ijr; NrHe;j nkhopfis  "igrhr ghfjk;" vd;w tFg;gpDs; mlf;fp tpLtJ tlnkhopahsuJ tof;fkhf ,Ue;J te;jpUf;fpwJ. jpuhtpl nkhopfis kl;Lky;yhJ mf;fhyj;jpy; toq;fpa jpgj;Jg; Nghd;w cs;ehl;L nkhopfisAk; "igrhr ghfjk;" vd;w njhFg;gpw; NrHj;jpUf;fpwhHfs;. "igrhr ghfjk;" vd;why; igrhrk; (grhR) my;yJ  Nga;fshy; Ngrg;gLk; nkhopnad;gJ nghUs;.

rhkpehj NjrpfH> gupjpahH Nghd;wtHfspd; cgaj;jhy; tlnkhopNa ,e;jpa nkhopfSf;F vy;yhk; jha;nkhop vd;w khia ePz;l fhykhf ePbj;J te;jpUf;fpwJ. ,uz;L Ehw;whz;LfSf;F Kd;dH jkpopd; ngUikia vLj;Jr; nrhy;y xU ghujpAk;> Re;judhUk;> kiwkiy mbfshUk;> ghujpjhrDk;> NttNeag; ghthzUk; ,y;yhj xU fhyfl;lj;jpy; fy;LntyhH vd;w nkhopQwpaH "jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; xg;gpyf;fzk;" (Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian Languages) vd;w Ehiy vOjp nkhopj;Jiwapy; mJtiu kiwf;fg;gl;L my;yJ kWf;fg;gl;L te;j xU cz;ikiaj; njspthf;fpdhH.

jkpo; nkhopf;Fk; Mupaj;jpw;Fk; njhlHgpy;iy vd;Wk; mJ Mupa nkhopf;Fk; Ke;jpaJk; khe;jd; Kjd;nkhopf;F neUf;fkhdJk; vd;w NgUz;ikia fy;LntyhH gy Mz;L fhyk; Muha;e;J epiyepWj;jpdhH. (,ijapl;L gpd;dH vOJNthk;.)

,g;Nghnjy;yhk; jkpoHfs; nfhQ;rk; tpopj;Jf; nfhz;L tpl;lhHfs;. jkpo; jkpo;ehl;by; rl;lg;gb Ml;rpnkhop. jkpo;nkhopf;F jdpg; gy;fiyf; fofk; (jQ;irg; gy;fiyf; fofk;) Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,g;NghJ cyfshtpa jkpoHfs; ,iza jsg; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpy; jkpopy; gl;lg; gbg;Gg;  gbj;Jg; gl;lk; ngwyhk;. me;jg; gl;lj;ij jQ;irg; gy;fiyf; fofk; toq;Fk;.

,Ue;Jk; Vw;fdNt Fwpg;gpl;lthW md;WNghy; ,d;Wk; jkpopd; njhd;ikiaAk;> jz;ikiaAk;> tz;ikiaAk;> njhlHr;rpiaAk; xg;Gf;nfhs;shj jkpo;g; giftHfs; rpyH ,Uf;fpwhHfs;.

Mjp rq;fuH (7 MtJ Ehw;whz;L) Nfusj;jpy;  fy;yhb vd;w Cupy; gpwe;jtH. Ie;J tajpy; Ntjq;fisAk; cgepljq;fisAk; fw;wwpe;J vl;L tajpy; rd;dpahrk; ngw;Wf; nfhz;ltH. mj;itj Ntjhe;jj;ij (,Uikaw;w Nfhl;ghL) cUthf;fpatH. ,e;jpahtpd; ehd;F jpirfspYk; fhy; eilahfr; nrd;W rkag;gzp Mw;wpatH. njw;fpy; rpUq;Nfup> fpof;fpy; G+up> Nkw;fpy; Jthufh> tlf;fpy; gz;lupehj; vd ehd;F ,e;J kjgPlq;fis epWtpatH.

,e;jpahtpy; rkzk;> gTj;jk;> cNyhfhAjk; moptjw;Fk; ,e;J kjj;jpw;Fg; Gj;JapH mspg;gjw;Fk; rq;fuupd; mj;itj Ntjhe;j QhdKk; thjj; jpwikAk; ifnfhLj;jJ.

fhQ;rp fhkNfhbgPlKk; Mjp rq;fuuhy; epWtg;gl;lnjd;W nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ. mjd; gPlhjpgjp n[fj;FU =n[Nae;jpu ru];tjp rq;fuhr;rhupahH. mtUk; gupjpahHNghy jkpo;nkhopia "ePrghi\" vdg; gopj;Jk; tlnkhopia "Njtghi\" vdg; Nghw;wpAk; fUj;J ntspapl;Ls;shH.  jkpo;nkhop "ePrghi\" vd;gjhy; mJ Mz;ltd; jpUr;nrtpf;F MfhJ vd;fpwhH.

mg;gH> Re;juH> MSilg;gps;isahH %tuJk;> mUz;nkhopthrfiuAk; NrHj;J ehy;tuJk;> jhAkhdhuJk; jkpo; Nfl;Fk; ,iwtd; jpUl;nrtpf;F tlnkhopjhd; gpbf;Fk;> jkpo; gpbf;fhJ vd;W n[ff;FU rq;fuhr;rhupahH nrhy;tJ MztkhFk;. ,J guk;giu guk;giuahf "mthSf;F" jkpo; kPJ nfhz;Ls;s gifikf;F vLj;Jf; fhl;lhFk;.  

fhQ;rpg; ngupatH jd;Dld; jdf;F tpsq;fhj rk];fpUj nkhopapNy Ngrpaijg; ghHj;j ,uhkypq;fdhH vd;w mur CopaH mUfpy; ,Ue;jtiug;  ghHj;J "Rthkpfs; Vd; jkpopy; ciualhky; rk];fpUjj;jpy; NgRfpwhH" vd;W Nfl;ljw;F "kjpak; gd;dpuz;nliu kzpf;F re;jpu kTyP];tuH G+ir elf;fpwJ. mJtiu Rthkpfs; ePr ghi\apy; Ngrkhl;lhHfs;" vd;W gjpy; te;jJ.  

jkpo;nkhop tsHr;rpf;Fk;> jkpo; ,yf;fpa tsHr;rpf;Fk; irtrka FutHfshd ehad;khHfSk; itzt Mo;thHfSk; (7-8k; Ehw;whz;L) msg;gupa njhz;lhw;wpapUf;fpwhHfs;.

ghujpahH ghbaJ Nghy jkpo;nkhop ,dpikahd nkhop vd;gij ehad;khHfspd; Njthu jpUthrfq;fSk;> Mo;thHfspd; ehyhapu jpt;tpag; gpuge;jKk; vz;gpf;fpd;wd.

jkpopd; ,yf;fpa tsj;jpw;F mtHfsJ ghly;fs; muz; NrHf;fpd;wd.   

,tHfs; ,iw gf;jpNahL jkpo;g; gw;iwAk; Cl;b tsHj;jhHfs;. ,tHfspy;   "ehSk; ,d;dpirahy; jkpo; gug;Gk; jpUQhdrk;ge;jH" vd MSilg;gps;isahiu Re;juNu ghuhl;LthH> "jkpNohbir ghly;kwe;jwpNad;" vd mg;gH mUspAs;shH.

"md;Ng jfspah MHtNk nea;ahf

vdg; G+jj;jho;thH jdJ Mokhd flTs; gf;jpiaAk; jkpo; gf;jpiaAk; fhl;LkhW xUNrug; Nghw;wpg; ghbapUf;fpwhH.

tlnkhopapd; kPJ Mo;thHfSf;F kpFe;j <LghLk; kjpg;Gk; cz;L. mNj Neuj;jpy; jkpopd; kPJ mtHfs; nfhz;l fhjYk;> <LghLk; mijtpl caHe;J fhzg;gl;lJ.  nre;jkpopd; KOtbtkhfNt mtHfs; jpUkhiyf; fz;L mDgtpj;Jg; ghbdhHfs;.

"nre;jpwj;j jkpNohir tl nrhy;yhfp" vd;w mb jpUneLe;jhz;lfj;jpy; cs;sJ. ,jd; nghUs; jpUkhy; jkpopirahfTk; tlnrhy;yhfhTk; cs;shd; vd;gJ. jkpo; Kjypy; nrhy;yg;gl;L tlnkhop gpd;dH nrhy;yg;gLtJ ftdpf;fj; jf;fJ. NkYk; jkpo; vd;W nrhy;Yk;NghJ Xir vd;w nrhy;iyg; gad;gLj;JfpwhH. tlnkhop  vd;W nrhy;Yk;NghJ ntWkNd tlnrhy; vd;fpwhH.

tlnkhopapYs;s Ntjq;fisg; Gupe;J nfhs;tjw;F Mo;thHfspd; <uj; jkpo;g;ghRuq;fs; xd;Nw NghJk; vd Ntjhe;j NjrpfH ghLfpwhH.

"nra;a jkpo; khiyfs; njspa Xjp

njspahj kiw epyq;fs; njspfpd;Nwhk;"

"nre;jpwj;j vd;w nrhy;Yf;F ,dpik vd;gJ nghUs;. ,dpa jkpo; vd;gJ Kul;L rk];fpUjk; vd;gjw;F khWgl;lJ"  ,t;thW "jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; itztk"; vd;w Ehypy; ,e;jpuh ghHj;jrhujp vOjpapUf;fpwhH.

irtrka kWkyHr;rpf; fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa rka ,yf;fpaq;fshd Njthu jpUthrfq;fis gj;jhk; Ehw;whz;by; (gpw;fhyr; NrhoHfs; vOr;rp ngwj; njhlq;fpaJk; ,e;j Ehw;whz;Nl) tho;e;j ek;gpahz;lhH ek;gp tFj;Jk;> njhFj;Jk; gz;Kiwapy; Kiwg;gLj;jpdhH. ,itNa irt rpj;jhe;j jj;Jtj;jpd; Cw;Wf;fshf mike;jd. ,tw;wpd; nghJg; ngaH gd;dpU jpUKiw MFk;.

ek;gpahz;lhH ek;gp irtj; jpUKiwfisj; njhFj;jJNghy; mNj gj;jhk; Ehw;whz;by; tho;e;j ehjKdpfs;  jkpo; itztj;jpd; jpUKiwahd ehyhapuj; jpt;tpa gpuge;jj;ijf; fz;L gpbj;J> gFj;J> gz; mikj;J ( ek;kho;thupd; jpUtha;nkhopf;F kl;Lk; kJuftpfs; Vw;fdNt gz; mikj;Jtpl;;lhH) Kiwg;gLj;jpdhH. ehjKdpfs;  ngUksT jkpowpTk;> jkpo;g;gw;Wk;> Ntjhe;j QhdKk; iftug;ngw;wtH. itztj; jpUKiwapd; fz;Lgpbg;Ng irtj; jpUKiwfisf; fhzTk; toptFj;jJ.  (tsUk;) 

rq;fk; tsHj;j jkpo;! (4)

"gz;nghypnre; jkpo;khiy ghbagj; jpity;yhH..."

mupQ;ra Nrhoupd; kiwit mLj;J mtuJ kfDk; Kjyhk; ,uhruhrdpd; je;ijAkhd Re;ju NrhoH (fp.gp. 955-985) Kb#l;bf; nfhz;lhH. mNj %r;rpy; jkJ tPuj; jpUkfd; "tPughz;bad; jiy nfhz;l" Mjpj;j fupfhyDf;Fk; ,sturg; gl;lk; fl;b itj;jhH.  

Re;ju Nrhoupd; md;Gf;Fk; ek;gpf;iff;Fk; ghj;jpukhf mikr;rH   mepUj;jH tpsq;fpdhH. ,tH jdJ Ntiyg; gSTf;F kj;jpapYk; jkJ ez;gH khjtg; gl;lNuhL jpUtuq;fj;jpw;F (=uq;fk;) mbf;fb te;J nfhz;bUe;jhH.

,g;gb tUk;Nghnjy;yhk; ehjKdpfs; jdJ rPlHfs; rfpjk; jpUkhy; ntsptPjp vOe;jUSk; NghJ ehyhapu jpt;tpag; gpuge;jg; ghly;fisAk; ,irg; nghopTfisAk; jg;ghky; Nfl;L te;jhH. ehjKdpfsplk; ehyhapu jpt;tpa gpuge;jj;jpd; Nkd;iggw;wpf; Nfl;lwpe;J nfhz;lhH.

mjpy; jpUtha;nkhop jpUkq;ifaho;thupd; fhyj;Nj jpUtuq;fj;jpy; Ntjq;fNshL Xjg;gl;lijAk; mjidj; jhd; capHg;gpf;f jkJ MrhHauhfpa guhq;FrjhrUf;F mspj;j cWjp nkhopiag; gw;wpAk; ehjKdpfs; mepUj;jUf;F vLj;Jr; nrhd;dhH.

mtUf;F VjhtnjhU tifapy; cjt Ntz;Lk; vd;W vz;zk; mepUj;juJ cs;sj;jpy; Njhd;wpaJ. ehjKdpfis mioj;Jg; NgRkhW ek;ngUkhs; =fhHak; mtHfisg; gzpj;Jtpl;L mepUj;jH jQ;ir Ngha;tpl;lhH.

=fhHak; ehjKdpfis tutioj;J gpd;tUkhW NgrpdhH.

"Ia> ehjKdp! NfhtpYf;F tUk; kf;fs; vq;fs; Nfhapy; cw;rtq;fs;> G+irfisf; fhl;bYk; cq;fs; gpuge;jg; ghly;fspYk;> nrhw;nghopTfspYk; mjpf MHtk; fhl;Lfpd;wdH. Kd; vg;NghJk; ,y;yhjthW kf;fs; $l;lk; jpUtpohf;fspd;NghJ miy NkhJfpwJ. mjdhy; jpUtuq;fNk xU Gjpa fyfyg;NghLk; fisNahLk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

,jdhy;> vq;fspy; rpyH cq;fs; ghly;fisAk; cw;rtj;jpd;NghJ NrHf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W fpsHr;rp nra;fpwhHfs;. ,J ckJ ,iwgzpapd; tpUk;gj;jfhj vjpnuhyp. ePH jdpg;gl;l Kiwapy; jkpo;g; ghly;fisg; ghLtjpy; vq;fSf;F kWg;gpy;iy. Mdhy; mijf; Nfhapy; Ntjhj; aadj;NjhNlNa ,izj;Jtpl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ vd;d epahak;? mdhjpahd Ntjq;fNshL mz;ikf; fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j Mo;thHfspd; jkpo;g; ghly;fis ,izg;gJ gpuhkzH vd;W $wpf; nfhs;Sk; ckf;F mLf;Fkh? nrhy;Yk;?"

nrhy;fpNwd; vd;w ehjKdpfs; cld; ghbdhH.

Ms;thH mtNu ruz;"

njhlHe;J ehjKdpfs; kzpg;gpuths ciueilapy; Nfs;tpfSf;fhd tpiliaf; $wpdhH. nrhy;ypa nrhy;yy; vd;w Fw;wr;rhl;Lf;F ehd; MshfpdhYk; mjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; fUjp ehjKdpfsJ gjpiy mg;gbNa jUfpNwd;.

"cq;fs; kdj;jpy; %d;Wtpj Ml;Nrgq;fs; xd;Nwhnlhd;W curpf; fplf;fpd;wd. ]k;];fpUjk;> jpuhtplk; - vd;w ghi\g; gpur;rpid ehk; Kjypy; mWj;Jf; nfhs;sNtz;Lk;. vnddpy;> mJNt gyupd; mbkdjpy; Mf;fpukpj;Jf; nfhz;bUg;gij rk;gh\izfspy; ehd; ftdpj;jpUf;fpNwd;.

]k;];fpUj Nkhfk; gpuhkzHfspd; fz;iz kiwf;Fk; xU khia. mJ tpyfpdhy; md;wp cz;ik Gyg;glhJ.

]k;];fpUjk; xU Njt ghi\ vd;gij ehd; kWg;gjhf ahUk; jg;gHj;jk; nra;J nfhs;sf;$lhJ. G+ kz;lyj;jpNyNa mjw;fpizahf ,d;ndhU gioikahd ghi\ ,y;iy. Ntjq;fisg; Nghy; mdhjpahd> mjhtJ ,d;d fhyj;jpaJ vd;W mwpaf; $lhj msTf;Fg; gioikahd> fpue;jq;fs; Ntnwq;F kpy;iy.

Mdhy;> guj fz;lj;jpNyNa ]k;];fpUj;jpw;F mLj;jhw;Nghyr; rpwe;j ghi\ vJ? ]k;];fpUjk; rptngUkhd; Ve;jpa lkUfj;jpd; tyg;gf;fj;jpy; ,Ue;Jk;> jpuhtplk; mjd; ,lg;gf;fj;jpypUe;Jk; Njhd;wpajhfr; nrhy;yg;gLtij ePq;fs; Nfl;ljpy;iyah? ehk; Ntz;Lkhdhy; ehuhazNd ,uz;L nkhopfisAk; gilj;jhd; vd;W nfhs;syhk;. jpuhtplj;jpd; tpahfuzj;ij mf];jpaNu nra;jhH vd;fpwhHfs;. ,tH Ntjfhy up\p my;yhth?

,d;Ws;s jkpo; tpahfuzq;fSs; vy;yhk; gioikahd njhy;fhg;gpaj;ijr; nra;jtH mf];jpaupd; gpujk rp\;aH vd;WjhNd nrhy;fpwhHfs;.? ,e;jj; njhy;fhg;gpaKk; ghzpdpapd; m\;lhj;jpahapf;Fk; Kw;gl;l ,e;jpu tpahfuzkhd Ie;jpuj;Jf;F ,izahdjhk;. ghujg; Nghupy; cztspj;j Nrukhd; xUtidg; gw;wpa ghly; xd;W GwdhDhW vd;w fpue;jj;jpy; cz;nld;Wk;> mjpy njhy;fhg;gpa tpjpfis kPwpa ,lq;fSk; ,Ug;gjhy;> ,t; Mjp tpahfuzk; Fiwe;jJ Jthgu Ajj;Jf;fhfpYk; gpw;glhnjd;Wk; ehd; gy tpj;Jthd;fs; nrhy;yf; Nfl;bUf;fpNwd;.

jpuhtpl rq;fj;jhH Kd; jpuhtpl ghi\iaf; Fiwj;J ]k;];fpUjj;ij kl;LNk ghuhl;b Ntl;Nfh Faf; nfhz;lhd; NgrpajhfTk;> mJ Nfl;fg; ngwhj Ntshg; ghHg;gduhd ef;fPuH

"Kuzpy; nghjpapy; Kjw;Gj;Njs; thop!

"guz fgpyUk; thop! - muzpyh

Mde;jk; NrHf Rthfh"

vdg; ghlNt mtd; ,we;Jgl;lhdhk;. gpd; mtidr; NrHe;NjhH gpio nghWf;f Ntz;bduhf mtHf;fpuq;fp mg;GytH ngUe;jif>

"Mupak; ed;W> jkpo; jP njd ciuj;j

nre;jkpNo jPHf;f Rthfh"

vdTk; ghb capHg;gpj;jhfTk; nrhy;yg;gLtij ePq;fs; Nfl;bUf;fyhk;. Nrhopag; gpuhkzuha; %q;fpw; Fbapw; gpwe;J tp\;Z jUNkhj;jpu Kjyhfpa rpue;jq;fis vy;yhk; fw;Wj;  JiwNghfpa njhz;lubg; nghbfs; jhk; ,iwtidg; ghlg; Gf;f NghJ jkpohNyNa ghuhl;bdhH. mJ kl;Lkh? mtH nra;j ]k;];fpUj fpue;jk; xd;W $l ,y;iy.

mgaf;Fuy; vOg;gpa NghJ fN[e;jpuho;thH Mjp %yj;ij ]k;];fpUjj;jpyh mioj;jhH?"

"Xa; ehjKdp! NghJk; epWj;Jk;. ,J ]k;];fpUj rkpjp my;y. ePH jpuhtpl gh\h khd;kpak; gw;wp tof;fhl. Ntjq;fSf;F Mo;thHfspd; ghly;fs; vg;gbr; rkkhF nkd;gNj ek; Kd; cs;s gpur;rid" - =fhHaj; jiytH Rl;bf; fhl;bdhH.

"ehd; %d;W gpur;ridfisfs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpl;Nld; my;yth? mtw;Ws; ,J ,uz;lhtJ. Kjy; gpur;ridiag; gw;wp ehd; Kbf;F Kd;Ng ghi\ ntWk; thfdk; kl;Lk; jhd;> tp\aNk Kf;fpakhdJ - vd;gij ePq;fs; czHe;J tpl;lij ,g;NghJ ePq;fs; ,uz;lhtJ gpur;ridf;F jhtp tpl;lJ fhl;Lfpd;wJ. re;Njh\k;.  cq;fs; tpUg;gg;gb ,e;j ,uz;lhk; gpur;ridf;F tUNthk;."

Vw;fdNt ehd; nrhy;ypaJNghy Mupak; jkpo; ,uz;Lf;Fk; ,ilapy; xU gdpg;NghH ePz;lfhykhf epytp tUfpwJ vd;gij ehjKdpfSf;Fk; =fhHaj; jittH ,ilf;Fk; ,ilapy; ,lk;ngw;w ciuahly; my;yJ jHf;fk; vz;gpf;fpwJ.

jkpo; nkhopf;F Vw;wk; nfhLg;gij gpuhkzPak;>  ehjKdpfs;> ,uhkDrH> Qhdrk;ge;jH> Re;juH> khzpf;fthrfH> Mo;thHfs;. ghujp> fy;fp> c.Nt. RthkpehijaH Nghd;wtHfs; ePq;fyhf> xUNghJk; Vw;Wf; nfhz;ljpy;iy. .

ehad;khHfspy; jkpio kpfTk; Vw;wpg; Nghw;wpatH jpUQhdrk;ge;jH. gpwg;ghy; me;jzH. cs;sj;jhy; jkpoH. "ehSk; ,d;dpirahy; jkpo; gug;Gk; Qhdrk;ge;jH" vd;W Re;juH ,tiug; ghuhl;LthH. jkpo;nkhopf;Fs;s milnkhopfspy; ghjpf;FNky; Qhdrk;ge;jupd; md;gspg;Gf;fs;. ,jdhy; jpy;iytho; me;jzHfs; mtuJ ngaiu itj;Jf; nfhs;tNj "ePrk;" vd;W js;sptpl;lhHfs;!

me;jkpo;

nre;jkpo;

(,e;jg; gl;bay; epiwthdjy;y. ,d;Dk; ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,lf;FiwT fhuzj;jhy; juKbatpy;iy)

MSilg;gps;isahupd; jkpo;g; gw;Wf;F mtuJ Njthuq;fs; rhd;W gfUfpd;wd. xt;nthU jpUf;Nfhtpiygw;wpg; ghba gjpfj;jpd; filrpg; ghlypy; Qhdrk;ge;jd; vd;w ngaNuhL jkpo; vd;w nrhy;iyAk; gad;gLj;j mtH xUNghJk; jtWtjpy;iy. jd;idNa jkpo;Qhdrk;ge;jd;> ew;wkpo;Qhdrk;ge;jd; vd tha; XahJ miof;fpwhH.

kz;nghypa tho;e;jtH Ngha; thd;nghpag; GFthNu"   (,uz;lhk; jpUKiw 11-11) (tsUk;) 

rq;fk; tsHj;j jkpo;! (5)

"jkpNohL ,irghly; kwe;jwpNad;" 

NkYk; jkpo;Qhd rk;ge;jH jkpopd; ePHik Ngrpj; jhsk; tPiz gz;zp ey;y Kotnkhe;ij ky;Fghly; nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhH.

"jkpopd;ePHik Ngrpj;jhsk; tPiz gz;zpey;y

fkOQ;Nrhiyf; fhDhHNka gts tz;zNu."    

(jyhk; jpUKiw 47-8)

jkpo; ehl;;by; irt rka FutHfshd mg;gUk;> Re;juUk;> MSilg; gps;isahUk;> itzt Mo;thHfshd ngupaho;thH njhlq;fp jpUkq;if Mo;thH <whfg; gd;dpUtUk; njhlf;fpa gf;jp ,af;fk; (flTis mwpTj; jsj;jpy; ,y;yhJ czHTj; jsj;jpy; ,Ue;J topgly;) ntw;wp ngw;wjw;F ,uz;L fhuzq;fis Kf;fpakhf vLj;Jr; nrhy;yyhk;.

KjyhtJ gpuhkzHfspd; Nkyhjpf;f MSikf;F cl;gl;ljhf rkak; Ntjfhyj;jpy; ,Ue;jJ. ,jw;F khwhf ahiuAk; tpl;L tplhJ> vy;NyhiuAk; mutizj;Jr;nry;tjhf gf;jp  ,af;fk; ,Ue;jJ.

,uz;lhtjhf ,iw topghl;by; kf;fs; nkhopahd jkpOf;Fk; jkpopirf;Fk; ehad;khHfSk; Mo;thHfSk; nfhLj;j Kd;Dupik.  ,tHfsJ gzpahy; jkpo; nkhopf;Fk; jkpopirf;Fk; xU GJg; nghypTk;> tdg;Gk;> tz;zKk;> tsHr;rpAk;  Vw;gl;ld. NtW nkhopfspy; fhzg;glhjthW  rka ,yf;fpak; jkpo; nkhopia tsg;gLj;jpaJ.

mg;gH> MSilg; gps;isahH ,UtUf;Fk; gpw;fhyj;jtuhd Re;ju%Hj;jp ehadhH ,iwtd; mg;gUf;Fk; MSilg; gps;isahUf;Fk; fhRfs;  nfhLj;J jkpopir ghLkhW Nfl;ljhf ghly; mUspapUf;fpwhH.

"njupe;j ehd;kiwNahHf; fplkha jpUkpoiy

mUe;jz; tPop nfhz;BH mbNaw;Fk; mUSjpNu"

(Vohk; jpUKiw 899)

gpw;fhyj;jtuhd  jhAkhdRthkpfs;  (19k; Ehw;whz;L) mg;gUk;> Re;juUk;> MSilg;gps;isahUk; nkhopf;F nkhop jpj;jpf;Fk; %tH nrhYk; Njthuj; jkpo;nkhopia ,iwtd; Vw;wUspdhd;> mg;gbg;gl;l ,iwtd; jd;nkhopiaAk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;thuh vd;W Vq;FfpwhH.  

"Njtnuy;yhk; njhor; rpte;j nre;jhs; Kf;fl;

%lNdd; Gyk;gpa nrhy; Kw;W Nkhjhd;"

mg;gUk;> Re;juUk;> MSilg;gps;isahUk;> mUkzpthrfUk; jkpio Vw;wpg; Nghw;Wtjpy; xUtiunahUtH tpQ;RfpwhHfs;.

ehTf;furH Qhdrk;ge;juJ rkfhyj;jtH. vz;gJ mfitfs; epiwtho;T tho;e;jtH.irtj;jpy; kUs;ePf;fpahuhfg; gpwe;J rkzj;Jf;Fr; nrd;W jUkNrdH Mfp kPz;Lk;  irtj;Jf;F te;J jpUehTf;furH MfpatH. ehTf;furH jkJ jkf;ifahH jpyftjpahuhy; jpUePW ngw;Wr; irtuhfpj; jpUtjpifg; ngUkhidg; Nghw;wpg; ghbaNghJjhd; jpUehTf;fuR vd;w ngaH cz;lhapw;W.

"ghtw;wyH nre;jkpo; ,d;nrhy;tsg;

vd;W ngupaGuhzk; ghba Nrf;fpshH nre;jkpo; ,d;nrhy;tsg; gjpfj;njhil ghbaghd;ikapdhy; ehTf;fuR vd;w ngaH ngw;whH vd;fpwhH.

jpUehTf;furH ehad;khHfspNyNa ngupa Gul;rpthjp. kWkyHrpahsH. mtH  "fhaNk ,J ngha;alh fhw;wile;j igalh" vd;W Gyk;gp mOj $l;lj;ijr; rhHe;jtH my;y.

ahUf;Fk; mQ;rNtz;lhk;> ahUf;Fk; mbikahf thoNtz;lhk;. ek; Mw;wiyg; ngUf;fpr; nfhz;L ,iwtid ek;gp NeH topapy; elj;jhy; ehk; ahUf;Fk; mQ;r Ntz;bajpy;iy. ahUf;Fk; mbik nra;a Ntz;bajpy;iy. ,jid ehTf;furH ,Wkhg;Gld; ,g;gbr; nrhy;YthH.

"ehk; ahHf;Fk; Fbmy;Nyhk;> ekid mQ;Nrhk;

  nfha;k;kyHr;Nr tbapizNa FWfp NdhNk"     (kWkhw;wj; jpUj;jhz;lfk; 1)  

gpwpNjhuplj;jpy; nrhy;fpwhH-

"jpz;zd; nfbyg; GdYk; cilahH xUtH jkH ehk;

mQ;RtJ ahnjhd;Wk; ,y;iy mQ;r tUtJk; ,y;iy"

NkYk; nry;te;jHfsJ nry;tr; nropg;ig kjpf;f khl;Nlhk; vd Koq;FfpwhH:

"rq;fepjp gJkepjp ,uz;Lk; je;J

kq;FthH mtH nry;tk; kjpg;Nghk; my;Nyhk;"

jpUehTf;furupd; Nkw;$wg;gl;l ghly;fSf;F xU tuyhw;Wg; gpd;Gyk; ,Ug;gjhfr;nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ.

gy;yt kd;dd; Kjyhk; kNfe;jputHkd; (fp.gp. 610-630) ehTf;furupd; rkfhyj;jtd;.rkzk; jkpofj;jpy; tsug; gy;ytHfs; NguhjuT ey;fpapUf;fpwhHfs;. kNfe;jputHkd; rkz rkaj;jtdhf Muk;gj;jpy; ,Ue;jtd;. ,jdhy; irt rkaj;Jf;F gifahf ,Ue;jhd;.

tapw;Wtypahy; thba  ehTf;furH rkz rkaj;jpypUe;J irt rkaj;Jf;F khwpaNghJ rkzHfs; Mj;jpuk; mile;jhHfs;. mtHfspd; Jhz;Ljypd; Ngupy; kNfe;jputHkd; ehTf;furiu ifJ nra;J gpbj;J tUkhW jdJ fhtyHfis Vtpdhd;. fhtyHfs; kd;dd; gzpg;gpy; tpiue;J Vfp ehTf;furiuf; ifJnra;a te;jpUg;gjhff; $wpaNghNj ehTf;furH ,e;jg; ghliyg; ghbajhfr; nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ.

ehTf;furiu fw;Wizg; G+l;bNahH flypy; gha;r;rpAk;>  ePw;wiwapNy ,l;Lk; Njhy;tpfz;l kNfe;jputHkNd kdk;khwp irt rkaj;ijj; jOtpf; nfhz;lhd; vd;gJ tuyhW.

cs;sj;jpy; cs;nshsp ,y;yhky; Gwr; rlq;Ffs; %yk; ,iwtidf; fhzyhk; vd vz;zpf; fq;ifapy;> fhtpupapy; %o;fp vOe;J Ntjk; Xjp Nts;tpfs; nra;J fhyj;ijf; fopg;gtiug; ghHj;J mtw;why; ve;jg; gaDk; ,y;iy vd ehTf;furH ,bj;Jiuf;fpwhH.  

<r idAs;F thHf;fd;wp apy;iyNa!"          (jdpj;jpUf; FWe;njhif)

,e;j ehTf;furHjhd; "jkpNohL ,ir ghly; kwe;jwpNad;" vd;W ,iwtdplk; jd;id tUj;jpa nghy;yh #yNehia Fzkhf;FkhW Nfl;Fk;NghJ nrhy;fpwhH.

"ryk;G+NthL Jhgkwe; jwpNad;

     tPul;lhdj; Jiwak; khNd!              (jpUKiw)   

jkpo; cl;gl ,e;jpa nkhopfs; vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; jha;nkhop rk];fpUjk; vd;w khia ePz;l fhykhf epytp te;jijAk; mjid Kwpabj;J jkpo; nkhopf;Fk; Mupaj;jpw;Fk; njhlHgpy;iy vd;w NgUz;ikia fy;LntyhH Muha;e;J epiyepWj;jpdhH vd;gij Kd;dH $wpNdhk;.

jkpo; Mupaj;jpw;F Kw;gl;l nkhop vd;gJ jkpo;tpLJhJ Kjypa Ehy;fshYk; mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;.

"nraw;ifg; nghUs;fs; nra;thd; Ntz;bd;

(tsUk;)

rq;fk; tsHj;j jkpo;! (6)

"Kj;jkpo; miltpid Kw;gL fpupjdpy; Kw;gl vOjpa Kjy;NthNd"

ef;fPud;

xU nkhopapYs;s nrhw;fspd; xypfis tuptbtpy; vOJtjw;F  ,d;wpaikahj fUtp vOj;J. jkpopy; vOj;Jf;Fk; xypf;Fk; xw;Wik cz;L. NtW gy nkhopfspy; xypf;Fk; vOj;Jf;Fk; xw;Wikapy;yhJ ,Uf;fpwJ.

,d;W cyf nkhop vd;w ngUikf;Fupa Mq;fpy nkhopapy; ,e;j vOj;J xyp xw;Wik fhzg;gltpy;iy.  ,e;j xw;Wikapd;ik fhuzkhf Mq;fpy  nkhopiag; NgRtjpYk; vOJtjpYk; mjpy; Gyik va;JtjpYk; ngupa ,lHg;ghL epyTfpwJ.

njd;dpyq;ifapy; XH Mz;L tho;e;jhy; rpq;fs nkhopiag; Ngrf; fw;Wf; nfhs;syhk;. jpy;ypapy; XH Mz;L tho;e;jhy; ,e;jpiag; Ngrf; fw;Wf; nfhs;syhk;. jkpOk; mt;thNw. Mdhy; Mq;fpyk; Ngrg;gLk;; mnkupf;fh> gpupj;jhdpah> fdlh Nghd;w ehLfspy; MW Mz;Lfs;  tho;e;jhYk;  Mq;fpy nkhopia rupahd cr;rupg;NghL ahUk; Ngr  KbahJ. Mq;fpy nkhopia ,sikapy; fy;yhJ ,ilapy; fw;fj; njhlq;fpatH me;j nkhopia vj;jid Mz;Lfs; nrd;whYk; rupahd cr;rupg;NghLk; Ngr KbahJ.

Mq;fpyj;jpy; vOj;Jf;Fk; xypg;Gf;Fk; NtWghL ,Ug;gJNghy (Colonel vd;w nrhy; Nfzy; vd;W xypg;gJ) tlnkhopapy; J:f;fk; vd;nwOjp J`;f;fk; vd;W xypf;fg;gLfpwJ. mt;thNw mj:guk; mjfguk; vd;Wk;> me;j:fuzk; me;j`;fuzk; vd;Wk; xypf;fg;gLfpd;wd>

NkYk; g;u`;k vd;nwOjp g;uk;` vd;nwhypf;fg;gLfpwJ. mt;thNw rp`;k rpk;` vd;Wk;> t`;ep: te;`p: vd;Wk; tp[;Qhdk; tpf;Qhdk; vd;Wk; xypf;fg;gLfpwJ.

,yf;fzj;ij vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhy; jkpo;nkhopapy; vy;yhg; nghUs;fSk; ,uz;L jpizfshfg; gFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

gFj;jwpTila capHfs; ahTk;  caHjpizahfg; gFf;fg;gl;L>  caHjpizapy; MZf;F Mz;ghYk; ngz;Zf;F ngz;ghYk;. gyUf;F gyHghYk; #l;lg;gl;Ls;sd.

(1)

gFj;jwptw;w tpyq;F> gwit> ePH tho;td Kjypa capHfisAk;> kuk;> nrb> nfhb> fy;> kz; Kjypa rlg;nghUs;fisAk; m/wpizahfg; gFj;J mtw;Ws; xd;Wf;F xd;wd;ghYk;> gytw;Wf;Fg; gytpd;ghYk; $wg;gl;Ls;sd.

jkpopy; tpyq;F. gwit> CHtd ,tw;wpd;  Mz; ngz;fSf;F ntt;NtW ngaH $wg;gbDk;> mitfs; gFj;jwptw;w "rhjp"apw; gl;ldthjyhy; m/wpizahfNt $wg;gLfpd;wd.

Mq;fpyk; Nghd;w nkhopfspy; caHjpiz m/wpiz vd;w Ntw;Wik ghuhl;lg;gLtjpy;iy. capUs;sit gFj;jwpT> gFj;jwptw;w ghFghL fhl;lg;glhJ Mz; ngz; ghy; Ntw;Wik kl;Lk; fhl;lg;gLfpwJ. capuy;yhj nghUs;fSf;F ghy; fpilahJ. gpud;Rnkhop ,jw;F tpjptpyf;F. gpud;R nkhopapy; rlg;nghUs;fSf;Fk; Mz;ghy; ngz;ghy; tFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Mq;fpy nkhopapy;  ngaHfs; %d;W  ghy;fshf tFf;fg;gLfpwJ. murd;> kdpjd;> vUJ> Nrty; Mz;ghy; (Masculine gender).

gFj;jwptpd; mbg;gilapy; caHjpiz m/wpiz NtWghL Mq;fpyj;jpy; ,y;yhjjhy; "kdpjd; te;jhd;" "khL te;jJ" vd;gjw;Fg; gjpy; kdpjd; te;jJ> khL te;jJ vd;W vOjg;gLk;.

murp> ngz;> gRkhL> ngl;ilf; Nfhop ngz;ghy; (Feminine gender) kuk;> nrb> nfhb> Gj;jfk;> tPL m/wpizg; ghy; (Nueter gender).

rpy nrhw;fs; Mz;ghyhfTk; ngz;ghyhfTk; tof;fpy; ,Uf;Fk;. mtw;iw nghJg; ghy; (Common gender)  vd tifg;gLj;jg;gLk;.   

tlnkhopapy; ghy; tuk;gpd;wpg; gythW $wg;gLfpwJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;L kidtp ngaH ghHah- ngz;ghy; (xUik). jhuh - Mz;ghy; (vd;Wk; gd;ik) fsj;juk; - xd;wd;ghy;.

fy;ypd; ngaH gh\hz - Mz;ghy;. rpyh - ngz;ghy;. cgyk; - xd;wd;ghy;.

jkpo;nkhopapy; tpidr; nrhy; xUtd;> xUj;jp> xd;wd; nray;fisf; Fwpf;FQ; nrhy; njspthff; Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

xU thf;fpak; vd;gJ vOtha;> gadpiy> nrag;gLnghUs; vd;gd $b xU fUj;ij tpsf;FtJ.  ngaH tpidfspd; ,aiy cupr;nrhw;fshYk;> gy ngaHfis ,ilr; nrhw;fshYk;> gy tpidfis vr;rj;jhDk;> ngaHf;Fk; tpidf;Fk; cs;s rk;ge;jj;ij Ntw;Wik cUghYk; GzHj;jp jkpopy; tpsf;fg;gLfpwJ. Mq;fpyj;jpYk; jkpo; NghyNt nrhw;nwhlH mike;Js;sJ.

Mdhy; tlnkhop> ,yj;jPd;> fpNuf;f Kjpypa nkhopfspy; ,e;j xOq;F ,y;iy. ngaHfspd; Ntw;Wikg; ghy;fis Vw;wy;> ,ilr;nrhy; ,d;wpf; $wy; Kjypa mofpd;ik fhzg;gLfpd;wd. vLj;Jf;fhl;L-

jkpo;       -  fupa ngupa Fapiy tQ;rfKila fhf;ifahf vz;zpdhd;.

tlnkhop   -   "f;U\;zk; g;u`e;jk; tQ;rfp ek; fhfk; NgNdh"

              fupaij ngupaij Fapiy tQ;rfKilaij fhf;ifia vz;zpdhd;.

,JfhWk; $wpatw;why;  "tlnkhopapYk; jkpo;nkhop tpahgfKila njd;gJk;> Mupak; tUKd; rfKOJk; jkpopUe;njnjd;gJk;> Mupaj;jpw;F Kd;NdNa jkpo;jpUj;JghLs;s njd;gJk;>  jkpo;r; nrhy;ypy;  nghUl;nghjpTs;sJ vd;gJk;> jkpo; jpiz ghy; Kjypatw;why; rpwe;jnjd;gJk;> jkpo; xypAk; vOj;Jk; xd;Wgl;Ls;sJ vd;gJk;> tlnkhop Kjypatw;wpDk; jkpo;r; nrhw;nwhlH moFilaJ vd;gJk;> gpwTk; ngwg;gl;ld" vdj; jkpo;g; gz;bjH khfwy;. fhHj;jpNfa (KjypahH) jhk; ,aw;wpa "nkhopEhy;" vd;w Ehypy; tpsf;fpAs;shH.

jkpo;nkhopapd; rpwg;G ,dpik kl;Lky;y njhd;ikAk; mjd; rpwg;ghFk;. njhy;fhg;gpaH ,jid vLj;Jr; nrhy;ypapUf;fpwhH.

(2) 

",Onkd; nkhopahd; tpOkpaJ EtypDk;

Njhy; vd nkhopg njhd;nkhopg;GytH"

(njhy;. nghUs; mjpfhuk;. nra;Aspay; 236)

(nghUs;) Xir kpFe;j nrhw;fshy; tho;f;iff;Fupa cz;ikg; nghUs;fis> Mrpupag;gh Nghd;w ghf;fshYk; ,izj;Jf; $WtJ Njhy; vd;W $wg;gLk; vdg; gioikia czHe;j GytHfs; $WtH.  

njhy;fhg;gpaUf;F Kd;Dk; nre;jkpopy; Njhnyd;Dk; goik moF ,Ue;jJ vd;gJ ,r; #j;jpuj;jhy; GydhfpwJ. ,/J jkpo;nkhopapd; njhd;ikf;F  rhd;whFk;> mjhtJ jkpo;nkhopapd; goik njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpw;Fk;> mfj;jpaj;Jf;Fk; Ke;jpajhFk;.  

re;jj; jkpopy; tha;  kzf;f  kzf;fj;  jpUg;Gfo; ghba mUzfpupehjH KUff; flTsplk; "Rk;kh,U nrhy;yw" vd;w  kTd ke;jpu cgNjrk; ngw;W epWtpfw;g rkhjpapy; tPw;wpUe;j NghJ KO Kjw;flTs; kapy;kpir Njhd;wp "ek; Gfiog; ghLjp" vd;W Nfl;f "ngUkhNd!  kiwfshYk; rhw;Wjw;fupa NjtuPuJ Gfio "VnlOjh KO Vio" ahfpa mbNad; vq;qdk; ghLNtd;" vd;dYk; Re;juUf;F "gpj;jh gpiw#b" vd;W Kf;fz;zd; Kjyb vLj;Jf; nfhLj;J "ghLf" vd;W mUspaJNghy nre;jkpo; nrt;Ntl; Fkud; jdJ "Qhd%W nrq;fdptha;" kyHe;J fdj;j nre;jkpohy; "Kj;ijj; jU" vd;w kJu kpFe;j nrhw;nwhlH vLj;Jf; nfhLf;f mUzfpupehjH-

(3)

"Kj;ijj; jU gj;jpj; jpUeif

.........................................................................."

vdj; njhlq;fp jdJ Kjw; jpUg;Gfiog; ghb Kbj;jhH vdj; jpUKUf fpUghdde;jthupahH ciu $WthH. jpUg;Gfo; flTs; tho;j;jpy; mUzfpupehjH-

   "Kj;jkp oiltpid Kw;gL fpupjdpy;

   mr;rJ nghb nra;j ............

vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhH. Kj;jkpoilT vd;gJ vy;yh nkhopfSf;Fk; Kw;gLkhW ,ay; ,ir ehlfk; vd;Dk; Kj;jkpo; Ehy; Kiwikia mfj;jpaH $w tpehafH vOjpdhH vd;gJ fHdguk;giu.

"Kj;jkp oltpid Kw;gL fpupjdpy; Kw;gl vOjpa Kjy;NthNd" vd;gjhy; Mupaj;Jf;F Kd;dNkNa jkpOz;nld;gJ mUzfpupehjH KbthFk;. NkYk;-