,yq;ifj; jPtpd; G+HtPff; Fbfs; ahH?
(ef;fPud;)
Ke;jp te;j nrtpiag; gpe;jp te;j nfhk;G kiwf;fpwJ vd;gJ gonkhop. ,yq;ifj;jPtpd; G+HtPf Fbkf;fs; ahH? jkpouh my;yJ rpq;fstuh? vd;w Nfs;tp ,yq;if Rje;jpuk; ngw;w fhyj;jpypUe;J jPtpukhf myrg;gl;L tUfpwJ.
,yq;ifj; jPtpd; tuyhW fp. K.483 y; ,d;iwa fypq;fk; my;yJ tq;fhsj;jpypUe;J te;J FbNawpa tp[aDk; mtdJ vOZhW NjhoHfNshL Muk;gpf;fpwJ vd;Wk; ,yq;ifj;jPT mtd; guk;;giuapduhd rpq;fstHfSf;F kl;LNk nrhe;jkhd ehL vd;gJ rpq;fs-ngsj;j jPtputhjpfsJ jpupGthjkhf ,Ue;J tUfpwJ.
mJkl;Lk; my;yhJ jkpoHfs; te;NjW Fbfs;> fhyj;Jf;F fhyk; ,yq;ifkPJ gilnaLj;J te;j ghz;ba Nrho kd;dHfshy; nfhz;Lte;J FbNaw;wg; gl;ltHfs; mtHfs; rpq;fsg; ngUk;ghd;ik kf;fsJ jatpy; thOfpd;wtHfs; vd;gJk; ,e;j rpq;fs-nghj;j ,dthjpfsJ thjkhFk;.
,e;j thjj;Jf;Fj; Jizhahf kfhtk;rk;> R+otk;rk; Nghd;w ngsj;j ,jpfhrq;fs;> rpq;fs - ngsj;j Njrpaj;jpd; Kd;Ndhbnad nfhz;lhlg;gLk; mefhupf jHkghy Nghd;w rpq;fs NjrpathjpfsJ vOj;Jf;fs; Nkw;Nfhs;fshf vLj;Jf; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wd.
"NghH vd;gJ NtWtopfspy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gLk; murpay" ("war is an extension of politics by other means") vd;W Mq;fpyj;jpy; nrhy;thHfs;. ,d;iwa jkpoH-rpq;fstUf;F ,ilapyhd <og;Nghiu ,yq;ifj; jPT ahUf;Fr; nrhe;jk; vd;w murpay; Nfs;tpf;F NtW topfspy; gjpy; fhz KidAk; Kaw;rp vd;W tHzpg;gjpy; jtwpy;iy vd;Nw nrhy;yyhk;.
jkpo;kf;fSk; rpq;fs kf;fSk; ,yq;ifj;jPtpd; kf;fs;. vz;zpf;ifapy; Fiwe;jtHfshf ,Uf;Fk; jkpoHfSf;Fk; vz;zpf;ifapy; ngUk;ghd;ikahf ,Uf;Fk; rpq;fstHfSf;Fk; ehl;by; xj;j cupik> nrhe;jk; ,Uf;fpwJ vd;W xj;Jf; nfhz;lhy; ,dg;gpur;rpid ,Uf;fhJ. tlf;Fk; -fpof;Fk; jkpo;kf;fsJ jhaf G+kp> njw;Fk; Nkw;Fk; kj;jpAk; rpq;fskf;fsJ jhaf G+kp vd;w ajhHj;jk; xg;Gf; nfhs;sg; gl;lhy; xU jPtpy; ,uz;L ehLfs; ,uz;L kf;fs; rkhjhdkhf tho;e;jpUf;fyhk;. Mdhy; ,e;j ajhHj;jj;ij rpq;fs-ngsj;j ,dthjpfs; xj;Jf; nfhs;sj; jahuhapy;iy. jkpoHfs; xU Njrpa ,dk; vd;gijNah mtHfSf;Fk; rpq;fstH Nghd;Nw Ml;rpAupikapy; gq;F ,Uf;fpwJ vd;gijNah ,e;j rpq;fs -ngsj;j jPtputhjpfs; xj;Jf; nfhs;sg; gpbthjkhf kWf;fpwhHfs;.
,e;j rpq;fs-ngsj;j jPtputhjpfspy; xUtuhd rdhjpgjp re;jpupfh jkpoHfs; ,yq;ifiar; NrHe;jtHfs; my;yH. ,e;j (=yq;fh) ehl;il NruhjtHfs; vg;gb jdpehL NfhuKbAk; vd njd;dhgpupf;f ehl;Lj; njhiyf; fhl;rpf;Ff; nfhLj;j nrt;tpapy; $wpAs;shH. ,jpy; mjprak; vJTk; ,y;iy. mefhupf jHkghy> v];. lgps;A. MH.b. gz;lhuehaf;fh> V.,.Fzrpq;fh> NfhdhH ,uhruj;jpdh> Nkj;jhde;jh> rpwpy; kj;jpA+> N[.MH. n[atHj;jdh> b.gp. tp[aJq;f Nghd;wtHfs; vOjpAk; NgrpAk; te;jijNa rdhjpgjp re;jpupfhTk; nrhy;ypapUf;fpwhH. nfhQ;rf; fhyj;Jf;F Kd; =yq;fhxU ngsj;j ehnld;Wk;> ehLk; xd;W kf;fSk; xd;W vd;W re;jpupfh mDuhjGuj;jpy; ele;j xU itgtj;jpy; NgrpapUe;jJ ,q;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
rdhjpgjp re;jpupfh jkpoHfs; ,e;j ehl;ilr; NrHe;jtHfs; my;yH vd;W $wpaijapl;L nfhOk;gpy; murpay; tpahghuk; nra;J gpiof;Fk; jkpoH tpLjiyf; $l;lzp kWg;Gj; njuptpf;ftpy;iy> Vida jkpo;f; FOf;fs; vJTk; kWg;Gj; njuptpf;ftpy;iy. ef;fpdhH ehtpoe;jhH vd;gJ Nghy ,e;jj; jkpo;f; FOf;fspd; jiytHfs;thiaj; jpwf;fhky; nksdpfshf ,Ue;Jtpl;lhHfs;.
mfpy ,yq;if fhq;fpu]; fl;rpapd; nghJr; nrayhsH jpU. FkhH nghd;dk;gyk; xUtNu rdhjpgjpapd; $w;iw kWj;J mwpf;if tpl;Ls;shH.
xU ehLk; me;j ehl;L kf;fSk; nghUshjhuj; Jiwapy;> etPd njhopy; El;gj;Jiwapy; Kd;Ndw Ntz;L nkd;why; ,d> kj> nkhop NtWghLfis kwe;J vy;yh kf;fSk; xU jha;tapw;Wg; gps;isfs; Nghy; xj;j cupik> xj;j epiw> xj;j tpiy cilatHfshf tho;tjw;Fupa murpay; Ml;rpKiw ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mg;NghJjhd; ehl;by; rkhjhdk;> RgPl;rk;> murpay; fl;Lg;ghL epyTk;. ,jw;F fdlhey;y vLj;Jf; fhl;lhf tpsq;FfpwJ. ,jw;F Kw;wpYk; khwhf =yq;fh tpsq;FfpwJ. ey;yhl;rpf;Fg; gjpy; fhl;lhr;rpNa mq;F eilngWfpwJ. nrq;Nfhy; Ml;rpf;Fg; gjpy; nfhLq;Nfhy; Ml;rpNa ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. ,jdhy; me;j ehL Fl;br;RtuhfehSk; nghOJk; Nja;e;J Ngha;f; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ.
rpq;fs-ngsj;j ,dthjpfs; tp[adJ tUifNahLjhd; ,yq;ifj; jPtpd; tuyhW njhlq;FfpwJ vd vz;zp elf;fpwhHfs;. Mdhy; ,e;jf; fijiaf; $Wk; kfhtk;rNk tp[adJ tUiff;F Kd;dH ,yq;ifj;jPtpy; ehfH> ,af;fH> muf;fH>Gype;jH ,Ue;jdH vd;Wk; mtHfs; nfhw;wKk;; nfhbNahLk; murhl;rp nra;jhHfs; vd;Wk; $WfpwJ.
kfhtk;rk; 6k; Ehw;whz;by; kfhehk vd;w Gj;jNjuH xUtuhy; ghsp nkhopapy; vOjg;gl;l ,jpfhrk; (epic) MFk;. kfhtk;rk; vd;why; ""ngUq;FbapdH"" vd;gJ nghUshFk;. tk;rk; jkpo;r;nrhy;yhFk;. ,J ,yq;ifgw;wpa fHzguk;giu fijNahL Muk;gpj;J kfhNrdd; Ml;rpNahL(fp.gp. 334- 362) KbTWfpwJ. ,jd;; ,uz;lhtJ ghfk; R+otk;rk; vdg; ngaH ngWk;. ,jd; Kjy; gpupT 13k; Ehw;whz;by; tho;e;j jHkfPHj;jp vd;w Gj;jNjuyhy; vOjg;gl;lJ vd ek;gg;gLfpwJ. kfhtk;rj;jpd; fijehafd; Jl;lifKDntd;why; (fp.K. 101-77) R+otk;rj;jpd; fijehafd; jhJNrdd; Mthd;. ( fp.gp. 1137-1186).
jkpo;kd;dd; vy;yhsd; mDuhjGuj;jpy; ePjp jtwhj nrq;Nfhyhl;rpia elhj;jpdhYk; mtd; "Gd;ndwp" (false beliefs) nfhz;ltd; vd;w fhuzj;jhNyNa mtd; kPJ Jl;lifKD gilnaLj;jhd; vd kfhtk;rk; njuptpf;fpwJ. mJkl;Lky;yhJ vy;yhsd; -ifKD Aj;jj;jj;ij jkpoHfSf;F vjpuhf rpq;fstH elhj;jpa GdpjAj;jk; vdf; fhl;l kfhtk;rk; Kad;Ws;sJ. Mdhy; vy;yhsd;-Jl;lifk;KD Aj;jj;jpd;NghJ vy;yhsd; jug;gpy; kl;Lky;y Jl;lifKDtpd; gilapYk; jkpoHfs; ,Ue;jpUf;fpwhHfs;. ifKDtpd; gilj;jsgjpfspy; xUtdhdf ee;jkpj;jd; ,Ue;jpUf;fpwhd;. ,tdJ neUq;fpa cwtpdd; vy;yhsd; gilapd; Nrdhjpgjpahf ,Ue;jpUf;fpwhd;. mJ kl;Lk; my;yhJ cUFizapypUe;J mDuhjGuj;Jf;F gilnaLj;J te;j ifKD ,ilapy; rpw;wurHfshf ,Ue;j 32 jkpourHfisg; Nghupy; ntd;whd; vd;W kfhtk;rk; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. ,J fp.K. ,uz;lhk; Ehw;whz;by; KO ,yq;ifapYk; jkpoHfs; gutp tho;e;jhHfs; vd;gijf; fhl;LfpwJ.
,yq;ifj; jPTf;F Gj;jngUkhd; Kk;Kiw te;jjhf kfhtk;rk; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.Kjy;Kiw te;jNghJ Ml;rpAupikgw;wp jq;fSf;Fs; Nkhjpf;nfhz;l ,uz;L ,af;f murHfspilNa rkhjhdj;ij epiy ehl;bdhH vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
,uz;lhtJKiw te;j NghJ Gj;jH ehfjPtpy; ,wq;fp muRupikgw;wp jq;fSf;Fs; NghHGupe;j ,uz;L ehfturHfsJ gpzf;ifj; jPHj;J> me;j murHfs; cupikNtz;bg; NghHGupe;j kzpj;jtrpy; mkHe;J %d;W Nfhb ehfHfSf;F Gj;j jUkj;ijg; Nghjpj;jhnud kfhtk;rKk; Gj;jkj fhg;gpakhd kzpNkfiyAk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.
%d;whtJ Kiw Gj;jH te;jNghJ ,d;W fsdp vd;W miof;fg;gLk; fy;ahzpapy; mur cupikf;fhf rz;ilgpbj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;j ,uz;L ehfturHfSf;fpilapy; epytpa gpzf;ifg; Nghf;fpdhH vd;W kfhtk;rk; $WfpwJ.
kfhtk;rk; ,yq;ifapd; Mjpf;Fbfs; vd rpq;fstH> jur;rH> yk;Gf;fhzH ( Kay; my;yJ ML)> ghypNgh[fH (fhfk;)> NkhupaH (kapy;)> Gypq;jH ,tHfisf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. kfhtk;rj;jpd; fijg;gb NtlH tp[aDf;Fk; FNtdpf;Fk; gpwe;j gps;isfs; vdr; nrhy;yg;gl;Ls;sJ. rpq;fstH fhyj;jhy; NtlHfSf;F Ke;jpatHfs; vdf; fhl;lNt kfhtk;r MrpupaH ,e;j Gide;Jiuia GFj;jpAs;shH. NtlHfs; ngUkstpy; ,yq;ifapy; FbNawpa MupaHfNshL ehsiltpy; kzTwT %yk; fye;jhHfs; vd "",yq;ifapd; gioa tuyhW"" vd;w Ehypy; [p.rp. nkd;b]; Fwpg;gpLfpwhH. fz;br;rpq;fstH njd;Gyj;NjhHf;F gilay; gilf;Fk; tof;fk; NtlHfsJ fyg;gpdhy; Vw;gl;lnjd fyhepjp nrypf;kd; mgpg;gpuhag; gLfpwhH.
,e;j ehfHfs;> ,af;fHfs;> NtlHfs; Mjpjpuhtpl ,dkf;fs; vd;gJk; mtHfs; rpwe;j ehfupfk; gilj;jtHfs; vd;gJk; ftdpf;fj;jf;fJ. (rq;ffhyg;GytHfspy; rpyH NtlH ,dj;ijr; rhHe;jtHfshf ,Ue;jpUf;fpwhHfs;.)
,g;NghJ Flhehlhf tpsq;Fk; aho;g;ghzk; Kd;ndhU fhyj;jpy;> mjhtJ fpwpe;J gpwg;gjw;F mNef Mapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dH ,uz;L jPTfshf ,Ue;jJ. Nkw;Nf ehfjPgk;> kzpehfjPgk;> kzpGuk;> kzpgy;ytk; vd;Dk; ngaHfshy;toq;fg;gl;l ngUe;jPTk;> fpof;Nf vUik Ky;iyj;jPT vd;W ngaHngw;w rpWjPTk; ,Ue;jd.
,it fhyj;Jf;Ff; fhyk; ,lk;ngw;w flw;Nfhs;fspdhy; ngUk;gFjp mope;J Nghapd. ,d;W aho;ghzf;Flh ehl;ilr; Rw;wpapUf;Fk; Gq;FLjPT> mdiyjPT> kz;iljPT Nghd;w jPTfs; mg;ngUe;jPtfj;jpd; kpQ;rpa gFjpfNsahFk;.
fp.K. tl ,e;jpahit Mz;l ghz;ltHfspy; xUtdhd mHr;Rdd; jPHj;jahj;jpiu Nkw;nfhz;lNghJ ,d;iwa fPupkiyahd eFykiyiaf; nfhz;l kzpGuj;Jf;F te;jhndd;Wk;> me;j ehl;L ehfturddpd; kfs; rpj;jpuhq;fijiaf; fz;L fhjy; nfhz;L mtis jpUkzk; nra;jhndd;Wk; ghujf;fijapy; nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ. mUr;Rdd; -rpj;jpuhq;fij ,UtUf;Fk; gpwe;j rpj;jputhfd; vd;ghd; jdJ je;ijahfpa mUr;Rdidg; Nghupy; ntd;whd; vd;Wk; mtdJ nfhb rpq;ff; nfhbnad;gJk; kfhghujj;jhy; mwpag;gLk;.
,e;jr; rpq;ff; nfhbNa tp[adpd; re;jjjpNahL ehfHfs; kzTwT itj;J ,uz;lwf; fye;jNghJ rpq;fstupd; nfhbahfg;gpd; khwpaJ.
FNtdpia kze;j tp[ad; mtisf; iftpl;L gpd; ghz;ba ,sturpia kze;J nfhz;lhd; vd;W kfhtk;rk; Fwpg;gpl;lhYk; Fyg; gpd;dzp vJTk; ,y;yhj tp[aDf;F %Nte;jHfspy; xUtdhfpa ghz;bad; ngz;nfhLj;jpUf;f khl;lhd; vd;Wk; ehffd;dpif xUj;jpiaNa tp[ad; kzKbj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W KjypahH rp. ,urehafk; mtH vOjpa aho;g;ghzr; rupj;jpuk; vd;Wk; Ehypy; $wpAs;shH.
ehfH> ,af;fH muf;fH> NtlH ,tHfs; vy;NyhUk; Kd;Fwpg;gl;lJ Nghy; ,dj;jhy; jpuhtplHfNs. rkaj;jhy; irtHfNs. ,NjNghy; fypq;fj;jpypUe;J ,yq;if te;j tp[aDk; mtNdhL te;jfypq;fHfSk; rkaj;jhy; rpttopghl;bdNu.
ehfH> ,af;fiu kdpjuy;yhNjhH my;yJ miukdpjHfshf kfhtk;rk; rpj;jupg;gjd; Nehf;fk; rpq;fstNu Mjpf;Fbnad;w khaia Njhw;Wtpg;gjw;NfahFk;.
tp[ad; ,yq;ifapy; jiuapwq;fpaNghJ ,d;Ws;s Ie;J <Rtuq;fshd jpUf;NfjPRtuk;> eFNyRtuk;> jpUf;NfhNzRtuk; khkhq;NfRtuk; kw;Wk; Kd;NdRtuk; Nghd;w rpthyaq;fs; mg;NghJk; ,Ue;jpUf;fpd;wd. ,tw;wpy; jpUf;NfjPRtuKk; NfhNzRtuKk; Mwhk; Ehw;whz;by; tho;e;j jpUQdrk;ge;j ehadhH> Re;ju%Hj;jp ehadhH ,UtuhYk; Njthug; ghly;ngw;w jpUf;Nfhtpy;fshFk;.
Nky;Fwpg;gpl;l Ie;J <Rtuq;fistpl njd;dpyq;ifapy; Gfo;ngw;w fjpHfhkk;> NjNte;jpuKidapy; re;jpunkstPRtuH Nghd;w irtrka Myaq;fSk; kj;jpapy; rptndhspghj kiyAk; ,Ue;jpUf;fpd;wd.
,yq;ifia Mz;l ,af;fHFy kd;ddhd ,uhtzd; kpfr; rpwe;j rptgf;jdhf tpsq;fpatd;. jpUQhdrk;ge;jH ",uhtzd; NkyJ ePW" vd;W jpUEhw;Wg; gjpfj;jpy; ,tid Nghw;wpg; ghbAs;shH. vl;lhk; Ehw;whz;by; tho;e;j khzpf;fthrfH ,uhtzdpd; gl;lj;jurpia MHfyp R+o;njd;dpyq;if mofkH kz;Nlhjupf;Fg; NguUs; ,d;gk; mspj;j ngUe;Jiw Nkagpuhid rPupathahy; FapNy njd;ghz;behlidf; $tha; vd Fapy;gj;jpy; rpwg;gpj;Jg; ghbAs;shH. ""ngUe;Jiw Nkagpuhd;"" vd;W Jha jkpopy; ehSk; jkpo;tsHf;Fk; Qhdrk;ge;jH Fwpg;gpl;lJ khNjhl;lj;J jpUf;NfjPRtuj;jpy; vOe;jUsp ,Uf;Fk; rptidNa. kh vd;why; ngupaJ vd;W nghUs;. Njhl;lk; vd;why; Jiw vd;W nghUs;. ,e;j khNjhl;lNk gd;ndLq;fhykhf ,yq;ifapd; Kf;fpa JiwKfkhf tpsq;fpaJ. tq;fhsf;Flhf; flYf;$lhf fPioj;Njrq;fSf;Fg; gazk; nra;Ak; kuf;fyq;fSk;> rPdNjrj;jpypUe;J tUk; kuf;fyq;fSk; khNjhl;lk; topahfNt Ngha;te;jd.
jpUf;NfhNzRtu kiyapy; fhzg;gLk; Mokhd ngupa ntl;L ,uhtzd; ntl;nld;Nw ,d;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. jpUNfhzkiyf;F tlf;Nf cs;s fd;dpahtpy; fhzg;gLk; nte;ePH Cw;Wf; fpzWfs; ,uhtzd; jdJ jhahupd; epidthf ntl;bdhd; vd;w IjPfKk; ,d;Wtiu jkpo;kf;fspilNa ,Ue;JtUfpwJ.
,uhkhaz fhyj;jpy;> ,yq;ifapd; Nkw;Ff; fiuNahuj;jpy; ,g;NghJ khNjhl;lk; (kd;dhH) vd;W miof;fg;gLk; khe;ij vd;Dk; efiuj; jiyefuhff; nfhz;LehfH tFg;igr; NrHe;j Xtpa Fyj;jtUk;> Njtrpw;gpAkhfpa tpRtfHkhtpd; tk;rj;jtuhfpa fk;kpaH Ml;rpnra;J te;jhHfs;. ,yq;if Nte;jd; ,uhtzd; Njtp kz;NlhjupAk;> mtd; rpwpa je;ijahfpa FNgud; Njtp rpj;jpuNuifAk;> ,k;khe;j efiuMz;l Njtfk;kpa murFy tk;rj;Jg; ngz;fNs. KUff; flTshy; Ml;nfhs;sg;gl;l mRuHNfhdhfpa R+ugJkDila Njtp gJkNfhisAk; khe;ij efuj;jtNs.
khe;ijia Mz;l murH fhe;jf;Nfhl;ilnad;W gyNjrj;jhuhy; Nghw;wg;gl;lJk;> Jhq;nfapy; vd;W GwehDhw;wpy; rpwg;gpf;fl;lJkhd ,Uk;Gf; Nfhl;ilia cilatHfshfTk;> thzpgr; nropg;Gw;wtHfshfTk;> tPuk; nfhil> ,ir> rpw;gk;> Xtpak; Nghd;wtw;wpy; rpwg;Gw;wtHfshfTk; tpsq;fpdhHfs;.
khe;ijapy; tho;e;j XtpaFyj;jhupd; rpj;jpuj; njhopypd; rpwg;Gf;fhuzkhfNt Xtpak; vd;w nrhy; jkpopy; toq;FfpwJ.
vgpNugpa nkhopapy; ahidapd; je;jj;Jf;Fk;> Fuq;Ff;Fk;> mfpYf;Fk;> kapYf;Fk; cupa nrhw;fs; ,gk;> fgp> mfpy;> Njhif vd;Dk; jkpo;r; nrhw;fNs. ,NjNghy; fpNuf;f nkhopapy; muprp> ,Q;rpNtH> fWth vd;Dk; gz;lq;fisf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhw;fs; Jha jkpo;r; nrhw;fNs.
Xtpauy;yhj kWehfH tk;rj;J murHfs; fjpukiy> ,d;W Ky;iyj;jPT vd;W miof;fg;gLk; vUikKy;iyj;jPtpYk;> FjpiukiyapYk; ,Ue;Jmurhz;L te;jhHfs;. my;ypaurhzpAk;> vopdpAk;> gpl;lq;nfhw;whDk;> FkzDk; FjpukiyapYk;> Me;ij> Mjdoprp> ey;ypaf;Nfhld;> tpy;ypahjd; vd;ghH khe;ijapYk;> vUikA+ud; vUikKy;iyj;jPtpYk; murhz;ljhf GwehDhW - mfehDhw;Wg; ghly;fshy; mwpa KbfpwJ.
,e;jf; fjpukiyNa Nghj;Jf;NfaH fgyj;jpy; fe;jHFil vd;Wk; xy;yhe;jH fhyj;jpy; fe;jNuhil vd;Wk; Xilf;Fwpr;rp vd;Wk; jpupayhapw;W.
tp[ad; xd;wpy; khe;ijapy; my;yJ fPupkiyapy; fiute;J ,wq;fpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;. aho;g;ghz itgkhiy tp[ad; fjpukiyapy; te;jpwq;fpajhfNt nrhy;fpwJ. ""fjpukiyapy; trpj;j ehfturDld; el;Gf; nfhz;L> ,yq;ifapy; ghoile;Jfple;j Nfhtpy;fisg; GJg;gpj;Jk; Gjpa Nfhtpy;fisf; fl;btpj;Jk; te;jhd;"" vd;Dk; fHzguk;guf; fijiaj;jhd; kapy;thfdg; GytH jhk; vOjpa aho;g;ghz itgtkhiyapy; Fwpg;gpl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
tp[aDf;Fg;gpd; rpy jiyKiwf;Fs; ,yq;ifaurHfs; fypq;fFyk; ePq;f ehfHFyj;jtuhdhHfs;. mjhtJ jkpoHfshdhHfs;.
mNrhfr; rf;futHj;jp (fp.K. 274-237) ,yq;ifapy; Gj;j kjj;ijg; gug;g mDg;gpa mtdJ kfs; rq;fkpj;ijAk;> kfd; kfpe;jDk; te;jpwq;fpa ,lk; ,d;iwa fPupkiyahFk;. mg;NghJ mDuhjGuj;ij Mz;L nfhz;bUe;j kd;ddhd Njtek;gpa jPrd; (fp.K.247-207) ehftk;rj;J murdhthd;. mtd; rpq;fs murdy;yd;. mtdJ ngaH rpq;fsg; ngaud;W. Njtek;gpa jPrd; vd;why; Njtid ek;gpa jPrd; vd;gJ nghUshFk;. jPrd;> ehfd; ehftk;rg; ngaHfshFk;. mtdJ je;ijapd; ngaH %j;jrptd;. Rj;jkhd jkpo;g; ngaH. Njtek;gpajPrdpd; gpd; mupaiz Vwpa mtdJ rNfhjuHfsJ ngaHfs; KiwNa cj;jpad;> kfhrptd; vd;gjhFk;. ,tHfSf;Fg; gpd; Nrhuehfd;> ,sehfd;> mgaehfd;> =ehfd;> Fl;lehfd;> kfhehfd; vdg; gy ehfHFy murHfs; ,yq;ifia Mz;bUf;fpwHfs;.
ehftzf;fk; jkpoHfs; kj;jpapy; (rpq;fstHfSk; ehfHfspd; guk;giuahjyhy; mtHfs; kj;jpapYk; ehftzf;fk; fhzg;gLfpwJ)gutyhf ,Ue;jpUf;fpwJ. ehfHNfhtpy;> ehfjk;gpuhd; Nfhtpy;fs; ehftopghl;NlhL njhlHGila irt Myaq;fshFk;. jkpoHfsJ ngaHfs; gy ehfj;NjhL njhlHGilajhf ,Ug;gJ mtjhdpf;fj;jf;fJ. ehfehjd;> ehfuhrh> ehfk;kh> ehNfRtup Nghd;w ngaHfs; ,d;Wk; tof;fj;jpy; ,Uf;fpwJ.
,uz;lhk; Ehw;whz;ilr; rhHe;j fpNuf;f thdapayhsH njhykp ehfHfis Fwpg;gpLk;NghJ gpd;tUkhW tHzpf;fpwhH-
"Mz;fsJk; ngz;fJk; fhJfs; ngupjhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,tHfs; (ehfHfs;) ,uz;L fhJfspYk; ngupa Jis Nghl;L Kj;Jf;fs; gjpj;j NjhLfis mzpthHfs;". ngz;fs; kl;Lky;y Mz;fSk; fhJf;Fj; NjhL NghLk; tof;fk; kpf mz;ikf;fhykhf jkpoHfs; kj;jpapy; ,Ue;jpUf;fpwJ. (ehDk; Mq;fpyg;gs;spf;Fg; Nghd gpd;dUk; fhjpy; NjhLNghl;bUe;Njd;.)
,Nj njhykp jhd; tiue;j cyfg;glj;jpy; ,yq;ifiaAk; tiue;Js;shH. Nkw;Nf rpyhgk; njhlf;fk; fpof;Nf jpUNfhzkiyf;Ff; fPNoAs;s gpuNjrj;ij mtH "ehfjPg" (Nagadibi) vd;Nw Fwpg;gpLfpwhH! tlNkw;Fg; gFjpia jkpo; nrhy;yhd jhkpuguzp muG nkhopapy; xypkhw;wk; nra;ag;gl;l jg;gpuNgd; (Taprobane) vd;w ngayhy; Fwpf;fpwhH. fiuNahu efuq;fis jkpo;g; ngauhd gl;bdk; vd;w thHj;ijahy; Fwpg;gpLfpwhH. NkYk; ,yq;ifia rhypNf(rhypA+H) vd;Wk; rptndhspghjkiyia Oulipada vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpLfpwhH. Vida CHg;ngaHfs; jkpopy; my;yJ mjd; Neupilahd fpNuf;f nkhopngaHg;gpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; xd;whd gl;bdg;ghiy ,uz;lhapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kd; jkpofj;jpw;Fk; <oj;Jf;Fk; ,ilapy; epytpa thzpf cwit njspthf;FfpwJ.
"ePupd; te;j epkpH gupg; GutpAk;
fhyp;d; te;j fUq;fwp %l;ilAk;
tl kiyg; gpwe;j MuKk; mfpYk;
....................................................
fq;ifthupAk; fhtpupg; gaDk;
<oj;JzTk; fhofj; jhf;fKk;
mupaTk; ngupaTk; neupa <z;b
tse;jiy kaq;fpa ede;jiy kWfp"
(gl;bdg;ghiy 185-193)
NkYk; jkpofk; - <ok; ,uz;Lf;Fk; ,ilapyhd cwit cWjpnra;tJNghy rq;fg; GytHfs; gl;baypy; <oj;Jg;G+je;NjtdhH vd;w GytH ngaUk; ,lk; ngWtJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
fp.K.483 y; ,Ue;J fp.gp. 896 tiu mjhtJ tp[ad; Kjy; fhrpag;gd;tiu RkhH 1>400 Mz;Lfs; ,yq;ifia Mz;l kd;dHfspy; ahUNk jdpr; rpq;fstH ,y;iy. fhuzk; rpq;fs ,dKk; rpq;fsnkhopAk; fp.gp. 7 my;yJ 8 Mk; Ehw;whz;lstpNyNa cUthf;fg;gl;L milahsk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,jdhNyNa ,yq;ifj; jPTf;F rpq;fsj;jpy; ngaH ahJk; ,y;iy. =yq;fh vd;gJ fpue;j (jpUe;jhj rk];fpUjk;) nkhopr; nrhy;yhFk;. rpq;fsjPg vd;w nrhy; kfhtk;rj;jpy; ,UKiwAk; R+otk;rj;jpy; xNunahUKiwAk; ,yq;ifiaf; Fwpf;f mjd; MrpupaHfshy; vLj;jhsg;gLfpwJ.
,jw;Ff; fhuzk; ,Uf;fpwJ. ,yq;if vg;NghJk; %d;W my;yJ mjw;F Nkyhd gFjpfshfg; (uh[ul;il> khaul;il> cUFzul;il> aho;g;ghzk;)gpupf;fg;gl;L murHfshy; Mz;Lte;jgbahy; ""Vf,yq;if"" vd;w czHT gpwf;f topapy;yhJ Nghapw;W. Jl;l ifKD> Kjyhk; guhf;fpukghF> Kjyhk; tp[aghF ,tHfs; kl;LNk KO ,yq;ifiaAk; jq;fs; Ml;rpf;Fs; nfhz;Lte;jjhf ek;gg;gLfpwJ.
tp[aghF fp.gp. 1038y; ,uh[hjpuh[d; vd;w Nrhokd;dyhy; nfhy;yg;gl;l rpq;ifefH murdhd khdguzdpd; kfshd jpyfRe;jupiaj; jpUkzk; nra;J jdJ gl;lj;jurpahf;fpdhd;. khdhguzpd; kfNd Kjyhk; guhf;fpukghF Mthd;. jtdJ jhahH ngaH ,uj;jpdty;yp. mtd; rp;q;fGuj;jpy; gpwe;jjhf ,uhl;rjFsj;jUNf mtdhy; ntl;lg;gl;l rhrdk; $Wk;. aho;g;ghz rpq;ifahupa rf;futHj;jpfs; ,uhNkRtuj;ij Mz;l gpuhkzFyj;jurUld; fk;ge;jk; nra;J Mupaturg; ngaH Giee;J> cgtPjKe;jupe;jpUe;jhHfs;. mJ NghyNt guhf;fpukghFTf;Fk; cgeadr; rlq;F nra;ag;gl;lJ. vdNt guhf;fpukghF je;ijtopapYk; jha;topapYk; jkpoDk; irtDk; Mthd;.
gz;ilf;fhyj;jpy; ,yq;ifapy; trpj;j ehfUk;> ,af;fUk; " vY" vd;w nkhopiaNa NgrpdhHfs;. ,J gpd;dH "<O" vd toq;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd; fhuzkhfNt ,yq;iff;F "<ok;" vd;w ngaH cz;lhapw;W. "<ok;" "rPok;" vd kUtpr; gpd; "rp`ok;" "rpq;fsk;" vd khwpaJ. "rp`" vd;w ghypnkhopr; nrhy;ypd; nghUs; "rpq;fk;" vd;gjhFk;. tp[ad; rpq;fj;jpd; topj;Njhd;wy; vd;gjhy; mtd; re;jjpapdH rpq;fstH vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhHfs; vd kfhtk;r MrpupaH Fwpg;gpLtJ mtuJ fw;gidNa.
rpq;fs nkhopapd; jha;nkhopahd <onkhop Ngrpte;jgbahw;whd; aho;g;ghzj;jpYs;s rpy CHfspd; ngaHfSk;> fhzpj; Njhk;Gfspd; ngaHfSk; "rpq;fsg; ngaHfshf" Njhw;wkspf;fpd;wd. mg;ngaHfs; tp[ad; ,yq;iff;F fhyb vLj;J itf;F Kd;dNu tof;fpy; ,Ue;jd vd;gjpy; ve;j IaKk; ,y;iy. ,Nj rkak; FUehf;fy;> Nffhiy Nghd;w rpq;fs CHfspd; Njhk;Gfs; jkpopy; ,Ug;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
,d;iwa rpq;fsnkhop ghyp> rk];fpUjk;> jkpo;> vYnkhopfspd; fyg;gpdhy; cUthfpa xU fjk;g nkhopahFk;. rpq;fs nkhopapy; fhzg;gLk; nrhw;fspy; %d;wpy; xU gq;F jkpo;r; nrhw;fis Ntuhff; nfhz;litNa. rpq;fs nkhopapd; vOj;J tbtk; ngUk;ghYk; njYq;F fd;dl nkhopfis xj;J ,Ur;fpwJ. fhuzk; rpq;fs nkhopf;F vOj;J tbtKk; mikj;jtHfs; njd;ehl;bypUe;J ,yq;iff;F te;j ehfhHf;RdH> Nghjpjj;JtH Nghd;w jpuhtpl Gj;j NjuHfNs.
ghz;LthrdJ Ml;rpapy; kfjehl;bypUe;J te;j mDuhjd; vd;w murFkhud; vd;gtNd jdJ ngauhy; mDuhjGupia jiyefuhf;fpdhd;.
mDuhjGuj;J murHfs; fjpukiyia jiyefuhff; nfhz;L Ml;rp nra;j aho;g;ghz murHfNshL el;Gupik nfhz;L tho;e;jNjhL kzTwTk; itj;Jf; nfhz;lhHfs;. rpy rpq;fs murHfs; irtrkapfshfTk; ,Ue;jpUf;fpwhHfs;. mJ NghyNt jkpo; kf;fs; rpyUk; ngsj;jHfshf ,Ue;jpUf;fpwhHfs;. 1946 k; Mz;L vLf;fg;gl;l Gs;sp tpguj;jpd;gb 2. 6 tpOf;fhL ,yq;ifj;jkpoH jq;fisg; Gj;jrkaj;jpdH vd njuptpj;J ,Ue;jhHfs;.
NkNy Fwpg;gpl;lJNghy; Njtek;gpajPrdpd; jhahUk; %j;jrptdpd; gl;lj;jurpAk; ehftk;rj;jtNs. mf;fhuzk; gw;wpNa "ehfd;" "jp];]d;" vd;Dk; ngaHfs; %j;jrptdpd; gps;isfSf;F ,;lg;gl;lJ.
kfjehl;L mNrhfDk; Njtek;gpajPrDk; rkfhyj;jtuhthH. Gj;jkjj;ij ,yq;ifapy; gug;g mNrhfd; jdJ kfs; rq;fkpj;ij> kfd; kfpe;jd; ( mNrhfdJ tuyhw;Wg;gb mtDf;F kfd; ,Ue;jjw;F Mjhuk; ,y;iy) ,UtiuAk; Gj;jH Qhdk; ngw;w nts;suR kuj;jpd; fpisNahL mDg;gp itj;jhd;. mtHfis Vw;wpte;j fg;gy; aho;g;ghzj;J tlfiuapy; ,g;nghOJ rk;Gj;Jiwnad miof;fg;gLk; rk;G Nfhsj;jpy;jhd; te;jpwq;fpd.
Njtek;gpajPridg; Nghd;Nw fjpukiyia Mz;l murHfSk; Gj;jkjj;ijj; jOtp Gj;j gs;spfisAk; jhJfHg;q;fisAk; fl;Ltpj;jhHfs;. aho;g;ghzj;jpy; cs;s fe;jNuhilapy; mfo;thuha;r;rpapd; NghJ fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l Gj;jkj topghl;Lr; rpd;dq;fs; ,e;j murHfshYk; mjw;Fg; gpd;dUk; fl;lg;gl;l tpfhiufspd; mopghLfNs.
jkpoHfs; ehd;F my;yJ Ie;J Ehw;whz;L fhykhf rkz Gj;jrkaj;jtHfshf ,Ue;jpUf;fpwhHfs;. rq;ffhyg; GytHfs; gyH rkz> Gj;jkjj;jtuhtH. Nfhtyd; mepahakhff; nfhy;yg; gl;lgpd; khjtpAk;> mtsJ kfs; kzpNkfiyAk;> Nfhtyd; jha;je;ijaUk; (kheha;f;fd;) Gj;jkjj;ij jOtpdhHfs; vd kzpNkfiy $WfpwJ. mNj rkak; fz;zfpapd; ngw;NwhH (khrhj;jhd;) rkz kjj;ij jOtpdhHfs;.
jkpopy; cs;s Ik;ngUk; fhg;gpaq;fspy; kzpNkfiyAk; Fz;lyNfrpAk; Gj;jkj fhg;gpaq;fshFk;. rpe;jhkzp rkzkj fhg;gpak;. rpyg;gjpfhuj;ij ,aw;wpa ,sq;Nfh mbfs; rkzKdptuhtH. tisahgjp mope;njhope;J Nghdjhy; mjd; MrpupaH gw;wpa Fwpg;G vJTk; njupatpy;iy.
mDuhjGuj;jurHfs; typik Fd;wpa fhyj;jpy; RahjPdkhfTk;> typik kpf;f fhyj;jpy; jpiwnrYj;jpAk; muRGupe;J te;jhHfs;.
mDuhjGuk; fjpukiyad;wp Nkw;Nf fy;ahzpapYk; (fsdp)> fpof;Nf nfhl;bahuhj;jpYk;> njw;Nf jprkfhuikapYk;> khj;jisf;F tlf;Nf Nydnjhiw vd;Dk; ,le;jpYk; ehf ,uhfjhdpfs; ,Ue;jd.
mDuhjGuj;jpy; tp[adpd; re;jjp Ie;J jiyKiwf;Fs; mw;Wg;Nghf fypq;fUk; ehfUk; fye;j kprpuFyj;jtNu mjd;gpd; murhz;L te;jhHfs;. ghz;b ehl;bypUe;J gyjlit gilnaLj;J te;j jkpourHfSk; mDuhjGuj;ij ifg;gw;wp murhz;L te;jhHfs;. mg;NghJ NkYk; gy jkpo;f; FbfSk; ,yq;ifapy; FbNawpd.
ehfUk;> ,af;fUk;> fypq;fUk;> NtlUk;> jkpoUk; fye;Nj rpq;fs ,dk; cUthfpaJ. njw;Nf khj;jiw njhlf;fk; tlf;Nf rpyhgk;tiu thOfpd;w fiuNahu kf;fs; vy;NyhUk; jkpo;ehl;bypUe;J FbngaHe;J ehsiltpy; rpq;fstHfshd jkpoHfNsahtH. mz;ikf; fhyj;jpy;$l ePHnfhOk;G> rpyhgj;jpy; jkpo;ehl;bypUe;J FbngaHe;j gutH kjkhw;wk; fhuzkhf jkpio tpLj;J rpq;fsj;ij fw;if nfhopahfg; GFj;jpajpdhy; rpq;fstHfshf khwpdtHfNs. ,NjNghy; thzpf epkpj;jkhf nfhOk;Gf;F te;J FbNawpa jkpo;ehl;L nrl;bkhH> ehsiltpy; nfhOk;Gr; nrl;bfshf khwp ,d;W KOr; rpq;fstHfshf khwptpl;lhHfs;.
rpq;fs murHfs; jq;fSf;Fs; mupahrdj;Jf;F Nkhjpf; nfhz;l Nghnjy;yhk; ghz;ba> Nrhoehl;L kd;dHfspd; cjtpiaNa ehbdhHfs;. mq;fpUe;J ngUk; gilfis jpul;b Ml;rpapy; ,Ue;jtHfisj; Juj;jptpl;L Ml;rpiaf; ifg;gw;wpdhHfs; ,tHfshy; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l gilapdH ,yq;ifapy; jq;fp ehsiltpy; rpq;fstHfshfTk; ngsj;jHfshfTk; khwpdhHfs;.
rhSf;fpa kd;ddhd MwhtJ tpf;fpukhjpj;jDf;F tp[aghFthy; mDg;gg;gl;l JhJtHfis NrhoHfs; mtkjpj;jhHfs; vd;gjw;fhf NrhoHkPJ gilnaLf;f tp[aghF Kide;jNghJ mtdJ Ntisf;fhug;gil mjw;F vjpuhff; fpsHr;rp nra;jJ.
rpq;fs murHfs; fhyj;Jf;F fhyk; ghz;ba Nrho ,sturpfis jpUkzk; nra;J nfhz;ljhy; me;j ,sturpfisj; njhlHe;J gpuhkzH> gilj;jiytHfs;> Ntiyf;fhuHfs; FbngaHe;jhHfs;. ,tHfSk; ehsiltpy; rpq;fs r%fj;NjhL rq;;fkkhdhHfs;.
fz;buh[;aj;jpd; filrp ehd;F ehaf;f kd;dHfs; fhyj;jpy; jkpo;ehl;bypUe;J nfhz;Ltug;gl;l gilj;jsgjpfs;> ke;jpupgpujhdpfs; fhyg;Nghf;fpy; rpq;fstHfs; MdhHfs;. fz;b xg;ge;jj;jpy; ifnaOj;jpl;l fz;ba jiyahupfspy; miuthrpg;NgH jkpopNyNa ifnaOj;jpl;lhHfs;.
,d;iwa fz;ba gpuGj;jt FLk;gq;fshd uj;tj;ij> mYtpfhiu> vfynghy> nkhd;whnty> gpypkj;jyht> nfg;gl;bg;nghy mry; jkpo;g; ngaHfspd; jpupNg.
mYtpfhiu vd;gJ msTfhud; mjhtJ epyj;ij msg;gtd;.
vftnghy vd;gJ vy;iyg;ghJfhtyidf; Fwpf;Fk;.
uj;tj;ij vd;gJ ujthjad; vd;w nrhy;iy mbahff; nfhz;lJ. mjhtJ murdpd; fl;lisg;gb firabj; jz;lidia epiwNtw;Wgtd;.
nkhd;whty jkpo;r;nrhw;fshd kz;Ntiy vd;gjd; jpupghFk;. kz;Ntiyf;Fg; nghWg;ghf ,Ug;gtd;. GytH rf jiytd; rkd; gpypkj;jyht. jiyikg;GytH.
,Nj Nghy; nfg;ngl;bg;nghy fy; rf Ntiy rf ghyd; - mjhtJ fy;yhyhd fl;bl Ntiyia Nkw;ghHit (ghydk;) nra;gtd;.
gz;lhuehaf;f vd;w ngaH muz;kid nghf;fp\j;Jf;F jiytdhf ,Ug;gtidf; Fwpf;Fk;.
rpq;fstupd; guk;giuia gpd;Ndhf;fpg; ghHj;jhy; mJ xU jkpod; my;yJ jkpor;rpapd; Muk;gj;jpy; Ngha; Kbtijg; ghHf;fyhk;.
vdNt ehfH> ,af;fH> ,ak;gH> NtlH> jkpoH Nghd;w jpuhtpl ,dj;jtNu tuyhw;W mbg;gilapYk;> ,jpfhr mbg;gilapYk; ,yf;fpa mbg;gilapYk; ,yq;ifapd; G+HtPf Fbkf;fshtH. Ml;rpj;jiytH re;jpupfhTk; kw;Wk; rpq;fs - ngsj;j ,dthjpfs; $WtJNghy; te;NjW Fbfshd rpq;fstH my;y.